Titanyum Tozları Kılavuzu

Titanyum tozları are finely divided metallic titanium particles used in various applications due to their unique properties like high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. This guide provides a detailed overview of different types of titanium powders, their composition, properties, manufacturing methods, applications, and suppliers.

Overview of Titanium Powders

Titanium powders come in various purity levels, particle sizes, and morphologies for use in diverse applications across aerospace, automotive, chemical, medical, military, and other industries.

Key features that make titanium powders useful:

• Yüksek mukavemet/ağırlık oranı
• Mükemmel korozyon direnci
• Low density compared to other metallic materials
• Biyouyumluluk ve toksik olmama
• Aşırı sıcaklıklara dayanma kabiliyeti
• High chemical stability across various environments
• Versatile manufacturing and processing options

With advancing technology, titanium powders with more controlled particle characteristics are being produced to meet application demands.

Türleri Titanyum Tozları

Titanium powders can be categorized based on composition, production method, particle morphology, particle size distribution, and other parameters:

Titanyum Tozu Bileşimi

Tip	Saflık	Temel Unsurlar
Ticari Olarak Saf Titanyum	99.5-99.9% Ti	Fe, C, N, O
Ti-6Al-4V alaşımı	90% Ti, 6% Al, 4% V	Al, V
Ti-3Al-2.5V alloy	97% Ti, 3% Al, 2.5% V	Al, V

• Commercially pure titanium has higher corrosion resistance. Titanium alloys provide increased strength.
• Other alloying elements like molybdenum, zirconium, tin, silicon, copper, and chromium can also be present depending on required properties.

Titanium Powder Production Method

Yöntem	Detaylar	Parçacık Özellikleri
Hidrür-dehidrit (HDH)	Ti sponge reacted with H2, then decomposed	Düzensiz morfoloji, geniş boyut dağılımı
Gaz atomizasyonu	Molten Ti disintegrated by N2/Ar jets	Küresel, kontrollü boyut dağılımı
Plazma atomizasyonu	Higher energy than gas atomization	Spherical, fine particles
Elektrot indüksiyonlu eritme gazı atomizasyonu (EIGA)	Combines induction skull melting with gas atomization	Spherical, controlled oxygen content

• Gas-atomized powders have more spherical particles ideal for additive manufacturing whereas HDH powders are irregular.
• Plasma-atomized powders can produce finer particles below 15 microns.

Titanium Powder Particle Morphology

Tip	Şekil	Yüzey Dokusu
Düzensiz	Non-spherical random shapes	Rough surfaces
Granüler	Rounded with visible facets	Smooth with some pits
Küresel	Very round overall	Çok pürüzsüz

• Particle shape influences powder flow, packing density, layer uniformity in AM processes.
• Smoother, spherical powders provide better performance in most metal AM systems.

Titanyum Tozu Parçacık Boyutu Dağılımı

Titanium powders suitable for AM processes like laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and directed energy deposition (DED) have particle size distributions between:

• 15-45 mikron
• 45-150 mikron

Finer 15-45 micron powders allow higher resolution while coarser 45-150 powders minimize entrapped gases and improve flowability.

Properties of Titanium Powders

Key properties of titanium powders are:

Table: Titanium Powder Properties

Mülkiyet	Detaylar
Yoğunluk	4,5 g/cc
Erime noktası	1668°C
Termal iletkenlik	Low, 6.7 W/mK
Elektriksel iletkenlik	Low, 0.4 MS/m
Chemical reactivity	Forms stable oxide layer in air
Mekanik dayanım	Yüksek mukavemet/ağırlık oranı
Korozyon direnci	Resistant to wide variety of acids, chlorides, other chemicals
at elevated temperatures
Biyouyumluluk	Excellent, non-toxic, non-allergenic

• The oxide layer makes titanium resistant to corrosion and provides bio-inertness.
• Titanium has the highest strength-to-weight ratio among metals after beryllium.
• Alloying improves high temperature mechanical properties significantly.

Manufacturing Methods for Titanium Powders

Commonly used techniques to produce titanium powders include:

Table: Titanium Powder Manufacturing Methods

Yöntem	Çalışma Prensibi	Parçacık Özellikleri
Hidrür-dehidrit (HDH)	Ti sponge is reacted with H<sub>2</sub> to form brittle TiH<sub>2</sub> which is crushed and decomposed to powder	Irregular shapes, wide size distribution
Gaz atomizasyonu	High velocity inert gas jets disintegrate molten titanium stream into droplets that solidify into powder	Küresel partiküller, kontrollü boyut dağılımı
Plazma atomizasyonu	Similar to gas atomization but higher energy plasma arc used	Finer spherical particles, satellite formations
Electrode Induction gas atomization (EIGA)	Combines induction melting in cold copper crucible with gas atomization	Finer particles, lower oxygen pickup

Additional steps like sieving, deoxygenation or consolidation can further modify powders for specific applications.

Uygulamaları Titanyum Tozları

Key applications taking advantage of titanium powder properties:

Table: Titanium Powder Applications

Endüstri	Uygulama	Avantajlar
Havacılık ve Uzay	Forging, casting engine parts; AM of airframe, turbine components	Yüksek mukavemet/ağırlık oranı
Kimyasal	Equipment like heat exchangers, tanks, pipes	Korozyon direnci
Otomotiv	Valves, connecting rods, suspensions	Hafif, dayanıklı
Biyomedikal	İmplantlar, protezler, cihazlar	Biyouyumluluk, osseointegrasyon
Askeri	Ballistics armor plates, vehicles	Yüksek mukavemet, düşük yoğunluk
Katmanlı üretim	L-PBF of Ti-6Al-4V components for aerospace, automotive	Economic production of complex, lightweight parts

• Biocompatibility allows titanium implant integration with minimal inflammatory response.
• Ability to 3D print intricate titanium components expands production flexibility.

In particular, titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V dominates in aviation, medical implants, and metal AM applications due to its strength, workability and corrosion resistance combined with commercial availability.

Titanyum Tozu Özellikleri

Industrial titanium powders for AM and other applications need to conform to specifications for composition, particle size distribution, morphology, flow characteristics, impurity levels and other parameters.

Table: Titanium Powder Specifications

Parametre	Typical specification	Test method
Parçacık boyutu	15-45 μm; 45-150 μm	Lazer kırınımı, elek
Parçacık şekli	Aspect ratio below 3	Mikroskopi
Görünür yoğunluk	Above 2.5 g/cc	Hall akış ölçer
Musluk yoğunluğu	4 g/cc'ye kadar	ASTM B527
Akış hızı	25-35 sn/50g	Hall akış ölçer
Oksijen içeriği	Below 0.2 wt%	İnert gaz füzyonu
Azot içeriği	Below 0.05 wt%	İnert gaz füzyonu
Hidrojen içeriği	Below 0.0125 wt%	İnert gaz füzyonu

Meeting powder quality benchmarks ensures consistency, reliability and performance in AM production.

Suppliers of Titanium Powders

Key titanium powder manufacturers and suppliers globally include:

Table: Titanium Powder Suppliers

Şirket	Toz kaliteleri	Üretim yöntemleri
AP&C	Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-64 ELI, Ti Grade 2	Plazma atomizasyonu
TLS Technik	Ti-6Al-4V, Ti Grade 2, Ti Grade 5	Gaz atomizasyonu
Praxair (T.I.P.)	CP Ti, Ti-6Al-4V	Çoklu
SLMP Mallory	CP Ti, Ti-6Al-4V	HDH, Gas atomization
Marangoz Katkısı	Ti-6Al-4V	Gaz atomizasyonu
Sandvik	Multiple Ti alloys	Plazma atomizasyonu
LPW Teknoloji	CP Ti, Ti alaşımları	Plazma atomizasyonu

Prices vary from $50/kg for irregular powder to over $1000/kg for highly spherical plasma atomized materials used in demanding applications like aerospace components.

Comparison of Titanium Powders

Table: Comparison of Titanium Powder Types

Parametre	HDH powder	Gaz atomize	Plazma atomize
Parçacık şekli	Düzensiz	Yuvarlatılmış	Son derece küresel
Size range (μm)	50-250	15-150	5-45
Production cost	Düşük	Orta düzeyde	Yüksek
Oksijen içeriği	Daha yüksek	Daha düşük	En düşük
Kullanım Alanları	Pres ve sinter	Metal injection molding, hot isostatic pressing	AM (DED, L-PBF)

HDH powders are less expensive but irregular particles limit use to press and sinter technologies while plasma atomized powder, despite high cost, provides excellent flow and melting properties for demanding additive manufacturing. Gas atomized powder offers a good balance for most applications.

Avantajları ve Sınırlamaları Titanyum Tozları

Table: Advantages and Limitations of Titanium Powders

Avantajlar	Sınırlamalar
Yüksek mukavemet/ağırlık oranı	Çeliğe kıyasla pahalı
Yüksek sıcaklıklarda özelliklerini korur	Kontrollü atmosferde işleme gerektirir
Resistant to wide range of chemicals	Düşük ısı iletkenliği
Completely recyclable	Susceptible to contamination like oxygen pick-up
Manyetik değildir ve kıvılcım çıkarmaz	Difficult to machine in certain alloy forms
Readily fabricated into complex shapes	Limited supplier base especially for high grade powder

Titanium’s merits make it suitable for specialized applications despite drawbacks like high cost and sensitivity to contamination during reuse or recycling.

Sıkça Sorulan Sorular

1. Why is high purity important for titanium powders meant for medical or aerospace applications?

High purity minimize adverse biological responses and ensure reliable performance under demanding service conditions over product lifetimes spanning decades. Trace elements can negatively impact mechanical properties or corrosion resistance.

2. What is the benefit of spheroidal titanium powders for AM?

Spherical powders with smooth surface texture provide excellent flowability, spreadability, packing density and layer uniformity during laser or e-beam melting processes, resulting in higher quality 3D printed components.

3. Which titanium powder production method yields finest particle sizes?

Plasma atomization of titanium can yield extremely fine particles down to 5-15 micron range owing to higher energy input, allowing very high resolution AM processing. However, productivity is lower than gas atomization.

4. Why is gas atomization the most popular titanium powder making method?

Gas atomized powders offer a good balance of particle size distribution, spherical morphology, bulk density and moderate oxygen pickup during production at reasonable cost. This allows great flexibility in meeting specifications for pressing, AM, thermal spray or other powder metallurgy technologies.

5. What is meant by ‘satellite particles’ in plasma atomized titanium powder?

Satellites refer to very fine undersized particles that adhere to the surface of coarser particles during the rapid solidification. These satellites can get entrapped in layers, negatively impacting consolidation and density.

Özet

With their high strength, low density, temperature resistance, corrosion performance and biocompatibility, titanium powders serve critical applications across aerospace, medical, automotive, chemical and military sectors.

Modern gas, plasma and induction melting atomization methods can produce titanium powders with tailored particle characteristics to maximize performance in powder bed AM processes as well as metal injection molding, pressing and sintering, thermal spray, and more.

Leading titanium powder producers offer various grades including commercially pure titanium along with workhorse alloys like Ti-6Al-4V meeting key benchmarks for size distribution, shape and purity.

Despite higher costs versus steel, titanium powders provide the requisite combination of mechanical and chemical properties to justify use in mission-critical rotating parts, armor protection systems, biomedical implants and 3D printed components where performance, life span and reliability are vital.

Continuing R&D focused on powder manufacturing, post-processing, alloy development and qualification aims to expand adoption across aerospace, defense, motorsports and medical sectors where titanium’s capabilities can enable next generation transportation and health technologies.

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