Nickel alloy powder for 3d printing

All You Need To Know About Nickel alloy powder for 3d printing

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Overview of Nickel Alloy Powder for 3D Printing

3D-utskrifter, även kända som additiv tillverkning, has revolutionized product design and manufacturing across industries like aerospace, automotive, medical, and consumer goods. Unlike traditional subtractive manufacturing which removes material, 3D printing builds up components layer-by-layer based on a digital 3D model.

One of the most popular technologies for metals 3D printing is powder bed fusion, where a thermal energy source selectively fuses regions of a powder bed. The unmatched design freedom, buy-to-fly ratio, and economic production of complex parts has driven huge adoption of powder bed technologies like selektiv lasersmältning (SLM), direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), and smältning med elektronstråle (EBM).

Nickel alloys are a versatile class of materials with properties like high strength, corrosion resistance, and heat resistance that make them ideal candidates for 3D printing. The most common nickel alloy powders used in powder bed fusion include Inconel superalloys, stainless steels, Hastelloys, Nimonics, Kovar, Invar, Monel, nickel-titanium alloys, and nickel-based superalloys.

Composition of Nickel Alloy Powders

Nickel alloys derive their properties from their elemental composition and microstructure. The nickel content varies from 2% to 99% for different alloys. Nickel imparts properties like corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, and high-temperature strength. The alloying elements are added to enhance specific characteristics depending on the application.

Nickel Alloy Powder Compositions

Legeringsfamilj	Nickelinnehåll	Legeringselement
Inconel	30-80%	Cr, Mo, Nb, Ta, Al, Ti, Fe
Rostfritt stål	2-20%	Cr, Mo, Mn, Si, C
Hastelloy	35-60%	Mo, Cr, W, Fe, Co
Nimonic	Over 50%	Cr, Ti, Al, Mo
Kovar	17%	Fe, Co, Mn, Si
Invar	36%	Fe
Monel	Over 67%	Cu, Fe, Mn, Si, C
Nickel-titanium	55% Ni, 45% Ti	–
Superlegeringar av nickel	Over 50%	Cr, Co, Mo, W, Ta, Al, Ti, Nb

The chromium content in stainless steels and nickel superalloys improves oxidation and corrosion resistance. Molybdenum, tungsten, and tantalum enhance creep strength and high temperature mechanical properties. Iron in alloys like Kovar and Invar controls thermal expansion behavior. Aluminum, titanium, and niobium are added for precipitation hardening. Manganese improves hot ductility whereas carbon enhances strength and hardness. Silicon benefits fluidity and weldability.

Understanding how alloying influences microstructure formation and properties aids in selecting the optimal material for an application. Proper characterization and qualification of powder composition and quality is critical before printing mission-critical components.

Properties of Nickel Alloy Powders

The unique properties of nickel alloys printed from optimized powders enable their use across diverse applications and extreme environments. The table below summarizes the general properties for common alloy families.

Properties of Nickel Alloy Powder Families

Legeringsfamilj	Täthet	Smältpunkt	Draghållfasthet	Termisk konduktivitet	Termisk expansion	Oxideringsbeständighet	Motståndskraft mot korrosion
Inconel	8.2-8.4 g/cc	1300-1450°C	750-1380 MPa	11-16 W/mK	12-16 μm/m°C	Utmärkt	Utmärkt
Rostfritt stål	7.5-8.1 g/cc	1375-1500°C	450-1100 MPa	15-30 W/mK	10-18 μm/m°C	Bra	Good-Excellent
Hastelloy	8.1-9.2 g/cc	1260-1350°C	550-1000 MPa	6-22 W/mK	12-16 μm/m°C	Good-Excellent	Utmärkt
Nimonic	8.1-8.7 g/cc	1260-1400°C	500-1200 MPa	10-30 W/mK	12-17 μm/m°C	Bra	Bra
Kovar	8,2 g/cc	1450°C	550 MPa	17 W/mK	5.9 μm/m°C	Dålig	Dålig
Invar	8 g/cc	1427°C	200-450 MPa	10.5 W/mK	1.2 μm/m°C	Rättvist	Rättvist
Monel	8,8 g/cc	1350-1370°C	550-950 MPa	21-48 W/mK	13-17 μm/m°C	Rättvist	Utmärkt
Nickel-titanium	6.4 g/cc	1240-1310°C	600-900 MPa	8-18 W/mK	11 μm/m°C	Rättvist	Utmärkt
Superlegeringar av nickel	8-9 g/cc	1260-1350°C	750-1400 MPa	11-61 W/mK	12.5-17 μm/m°C	Good-Excellent	Fair-Good

The high melting point of nickel alloys prevents part distortion or deformation during processing. Strength levels over a wide temperature range enable load-bearing structural applications. Controlled thermal expansion behavior allows precision components with tight tolerances. The excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance facilitates usage in harsh environments like marine, chemical, and oil and gas.

By tailoring the powder composition and process parameters, material properties can be optimized for the design requirements. However, the anisotropic nature of additive manufacturing can result in directionally dependent properties. Proper design and quality assurance is key to achieve desired performance.

Applications of Nickel Alloy Powders

The versatility of nickel alloys makes them suitable for diverse applications across aerospace, defense, automotive, marine, oil and gas, chemical processing, power generation, medical, tooling, and other general engineering areas.

Industri Applications of Nickel Alloy Powder Families

Legeringsfamilj	Industry Applications
Inconel	Aerospace, defense, automotive, chemical processing, oil and gas, power generation, rocketry, missiles, nuclear
Rostfritt stål	Aerospace, defense, automotive, medicine, marine, architecture, chemical, food processing, tooling, molds
Hastelloy	Aerospace, defense, chemical processing, pollution control, power generation, oil and gas
Nimonic	Aerospace, defense, power generation, chemical processing, tooling
Kovar	Electronics, semiconductors, integrated circuits, packaging
Invar	Electronics, optics, precision instruments, aerospace
Monel	Marine, oil and gas, chemical processing, power generation, pulp and paper
Nickel-titanium	Medical devices, actuators, sensors, aerospace, oil and gas
Superlegeringar av nickel	Aerospace, defense, power generation, oil and gas, automotive, tooling

Some examples of nickel alloy parts produced by 3D printing include:

Aerospace: Turbine blades, nozzles, combustors, valves, brackets, thermofluid components
Automotive: Turbocharger rotors, manifolds, valves, drivetrain parts
Medical: Implants, prosthetics, surgical instruments, patient-specific devices
Oil and gas: Downhole tools, valves, wellhead components, pipe fittings
Tooling: Injection molds, extrusion dies, jigs and fixtures, press tools
General: Heat exchangers, fluid handling parts, fasteners, housings, enclosures

The excellent material properties, complex geometries, shorter lead times, reduced costs, and design flexibility enabled by 3D printing nickel alloys make them a very attractive option across many critical applications.

Nickel Alloy Powder Specifications

Nickel alloy powders are commercially available in various size distributions, morphologies, and quality levels tailored to 3D printing requirements. Common specifications are given below:

Typical Nickel Alloy Powder Specifications

Fastighet	Typiska värden
Legeringens sammansättning	Custom alloys, grade per ASTM/ASME
Partikelns form	Spherical, near-spherical
Partikelstorlek	10-45 mikrometer
Fördelning av partikelstorlek	D10: 15-25 μm, D50: 25-35 μm, D90: 35-45 μm
Skenbar densitet	2.5-5.5 g/cc
Tappdensitet	4-8 g/cc
Flytbarhet	Excellent per Hall flowmeter
Resterande syre	100-400 ppm
Återstående kväve	50-150 ppm
Återstående kol	100-300 ppm

Spherical morphology and narrow particle size distribution with D10, D50 and D90 values in ideal ranges for the specific print process help achieve good density and mechanical properties. High flowability prevents powder agglomeration and spreadability issues during recoating. Low residual oxygen, nitrogen and carbon minimize contamination and porosity.

Powder quality, size parameters and other characteristics significantly influence final part properties and must align with printer and application requirements. Most suppliers provide custom alloy compositions and particle optimization to meet user specifications.

Nickel Alloy Powder 3D Printing Methods

The most common additive manufacturing methods used to process nickel alloy powders include:

Nickel Alloy Powder Print Processes

Metod	Beskrivning
Selektiv lasersmältning (SLM)	Powder bed fused by focused laser beam
Direkt metallsintring med laser (DMLS)	Similar to SLM but lower power laser
Smältning med elektronstråle (EBM)	Powder bed fused by electron beam under vacuum
Lasermetalldeponering (LMD)	Powder injected into molten pool created by laser
Deposition med riktad energi (DED)	Similar to LMD with powder or wire feed
Binder Jetting	Liquid bonding agent selectively printed on powder bed

SLM and DMLS use a high power density laser to fully melt the metal powder into dense parts layerwise. EBM uses an electron beam as the power source to build parts under vacuum. Wire-fed LMD melts the incoming metal wire using a focused laser. Binder jetting prints a liquid binder to form the part followed by sintering.

The specific technique chosen depends on factors like part size, geometry complexity, surface finish, feature resolution, production rate, and cost. Each process requires optimization of printer settings and parameters tailored to the powder alloy composition.

Nickel Alloy Powder Process Parameters

Critical printer parameters for nickel alloys that require optimization for density, strength, precision, and surface finish include:

Typical SLM/DMLS Process Parameters

Parameter	Typiskt intervall
Skiktets tjocklek	20-60 μm
Laserkraft	100-400 W
Skanningshastighet	400-1200 mm/s
Avstånd mellan luckor	80-200 μm
Strålens storlek	50-200 μm
Scanning strategy	Chess, stripe, contour
Stödstruktur	Regular, fragmented, hybrid

Typical EBM Process Parameters

Parameter	Typiskt intervall
Skiktets tjocklek	50-200 μm
Electron beam power	3-15 kW
Speed function	20-200 mm/s
Line offset	0.1-0.3 mm
Focus offset	15-35 mA
Scanning strategy	Uni-directional, bi-directional
Stödstruktur	Regular, heavy

Lower layer thickness and beam size paired with higher scan speeds increase resolution, accuracy, and surface finish. Chess or strip scanning patterns are commonly used. Perimeter contours improve edge quality. Optimized support structures prevent deformation but are easier to remove. Preheating and powder recycling can aid density and material quality.

Advantages of 3D Printing Nickel Alloys

Additive manufacturing using optimized nickel alloy powders offers many benefits versus traditional manufacturing:

Designfrihet: Complex geometries not possible by machining
Weight reduction: Lighter components by topology optimization
Konsolidering av delar: Reduced assembly by printed complex shapes
Anpassning: Patient-matched medical devices, tooling
Minskat avfall: Only required volume of material used
Shorter lead time: Weeks versus months for production tooling
Process flexibility: Easy design iterations and optimization
Performance benefits: Anisotropic strengths, embedded features
Kostnadsminskning: Eliminate tooling costs, low volume production
Köp-till-flyg-förhållande: Print only final part versus machining from block

3D printing expands the design envelope and enables novel nickel alloy parts not feasible or economical with conventional techniques. It is revolutionizing production across aerospace, medical, automotive, and other industries.

Nickel Alloy Powder Suppliers

Most major metal powder manufacturers now offer a range of nickel alloy powders optimized for additive manufacturing. Some leading suppliers include:

Key Nickel Alloy Powder Suppliers

Leverantör	Key Alloy Grades
Met3DP	Inconel 625, 718, Hastelloy X, stainless steels
Sandvik	Osprey stainless steels, superalloys, titanium alloys
Praxair	Inconel 718, 625, Hastelloy X, stainless steels
AP&C	Inconel 718, 625, stainless steels
LPW-teknik	Inconel 718, stainless steels, nickel superalloys
SLM-lösningar	Stainless steel 316L, 17-4PH, nickel superalloys
GE Additiv	Stainless steel 316L, Inconel 718, 625, Hastelloy

Suppliers offer various size distributions, excellent powder flowability, low oxygen and moisture content, lot traceability, and custom alloys tailored to process and application requirements. Most provide specialized characterization to ensure consistent high quality powder.

Nickel Alloy Powder Cost

The average cost for common nickel alloy powders is summarized below:

Nickel Alloy Powder Costs

Material	Cost per kg
Inconel 718	$75-150
Inconel 625	$60-120
Rostfritt stål 316L	$35-70
Stainless steel 17-4PH	$45-90
Hastelloy X	$85-170
Superlegeringar av nickel	$90-200

High performance alloys like Inconel 718 and Hastelloy X carry a premium while stainless steels tend to be the lowest cost option. However, material cost is only one component of total part cost. Value-add from design flexibility, performance benefits, and lead time reduction often offset higher powder prices for low volume production.

Buying powder in bulk quantities can reduce costs. Many suppliers also offer powder reuse and recycling services. Overall, the buyer must evaluate total cost including labor, post-processing, material utilization, mechanical properties, and other factors when selecting an appropriate nickel alloy powder.

Wholesale Price: $20/Kg-$200/Kg

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