Bästa IN939-pulver för 3D-utskrift 2024
IN939 pulver är en nickelbaserad superlegering som uppvisar exceptionella mekaniska egenskaper och hög motståndskraft mot korrosion och oxidation. Den består huvudsakligen av nickel, krom, kobolt, molybden och tantal. Denna sammansättning ger IN939-pulvret dess anmärkningsvärda styrka, värmebeständighet och stabilitet vid förhöjda temperaturer.
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Overview of IN939 Powder for 3D Printing
IN939 is a high-performance nickel-based superalloy powder designed for additive manufacturing of critical components needing exceptional mechanical properties at high temperatures. This article provides a comprehensive guide to IN939 powder for 3D printing applications across aerospace, automotive, energy and industrial sectors.
Key aspects covered include IN939 composition, properties, print parameters, applications, specifications, suppliers, handling, inspection, comparisons to alternatives, advantages and limitations, and frequently asked questions. Quantitative data is presented in easy-to-reference tables.
Composition of IN939 Powder
IN939 has a complex precipitation hardening alloy composition:
| Element | Vikt % | Syfte |
|---|---|---|
| Nickel | Balans | Huvudmatriselement |
| Krom | 15 – 18 | Oxideringsbeständighet |
| Aluminium | 3.8 – 4.8 | Härdning genom utfällning |
| Titan | 0.9 – 1.4 | Härdning genom utfällning |
| Kobolt | 12 – 15 | Förstärkning av fast lösning |
| Tantalum | 3.8 – 4.8 | Hårdmetallformare |
| Kol | 0.05 – 0.15 | Hårdmetallformare |
| Bor | 0.006 – 0.012 | Grain boundary strengthener |
Trace quantities of zirconium, magnesium and sulphur are also added for enhanced properties.
Properties of IN939 Powder
IN939 possesses an exceptional combination of properties:
| Fastighet | Beskrivning |
|---|---|
| Hög hållfasthet | Excellent tensile and creep rupture strength up to 1050°C |
| Termisk stabilitet | Strength maintained up to 1000°C |
| Krypbeständighet | High stress-rupture life at high temperatures |
| Oxideringsbeständighet | Forms protective Cr2O3 oxide scale |
| Motstånd mot termisk utmattning | Resists cracking during thermal cycling |
| Fasstabilitet | Microstructure stable after prolonged exposures |
| Korrosionsbeständighet | Resistant to hot corrosion, oxidation, sulfidation |
The properties enable use under extreme thermal and mechanical loads.
3D Printing Parameters for IN939 Powder
Typical AM processing parameters for IN939 include:
| Parameter | Typiskt värde | Syfte |
|---|---|---|
| Skiktets tjocklek | 20-50 μm | Upplösning kontra bygghastighet |
| Laserkraft | 250-500 W | Tillräcklig smältning utan avdunstning |
| Skanningshastighet | 800-1200 mm/s | Density vs production rate |
| Avstånd mellan luckor | 100-200 μm | Mekaniska egenskaper |
| Stödstruktur | Minimal | Enkel borttagning |
| Varm isostatisk pressning | 1160°C, 100 MPa, 3h | Eliminerar porositet |
Parameters are optimized for attributes like density, microstructure, build rate, and post-processing requirements.
Applications of 3D Printed IN939 Parts
Additively manufactured IN939 components serve critical applications including:
| Industri | Komponenter |
|---|---|
| Flyg- och rymdindustrin | Turbine blades, vanes, combustors |
| Kraftproduktion | Hot gas path parts, heat exchangers |
| Fordon | Turbocharger wheels, valves |
| Kemisk bearbetning | Pumpar, ventiler, reaktionskärl |
Benefits over conventionally processed IN939 include complex geometries and reduced lead time.
Specifications of IN939 Powder for 3D Printing
IN939 powder for AM must meet exacting specifications:
| Parameter | Specifikation |
|---|---|
| Partikelstorlek | 15-45 μm typiskt |
| Partikelns form | Sfärisk morfologi |
| Skenbar densitet | > 4 g/cc |
| Tappdensitet | > 6 g/cc |
| Hall flödeshastighet | > 23 sekunder för 50 g |
| Renhet | >99,9% |
| Syrehalt | <100 ppm |
Tighter tolerances, custom size distributions, and controlled impurity levels available.
Suppliers of IN939 Powder
Reputable suppliers of IN939 powder include:
| Leverantör | Plats |
|---|---|
| Met3DP | Kina |
| Snickare Tillsats | USA |
| Praxair | USA |
| AP&C | Kanada |
| Erasteel | Sverige |
| AMETEK | USA |
Pricing for IN939 powder ranges from $110/kg to over $220/kg based on quality and order volume.
Handling and Storage of IN939 Powder
As a reactive powder, careful handling of IN939 is needed:
- Store sealed containers in a cool, inert atmosphere
- Prevent contact with moisture, oxygen, acids
- Använd korrekt jordad utrustning
- Undvik ansamling av damm för att minimera explosionsrisken
- Lokal avgasventilation rekommenderas
- Wear appropriate PPE while handling
Proper techniques and controls prevent IN939 powder oxidation or contamination.
Inspection and Testing of IN939 Powder
IN939 powder is validated using:
| Metod | Testade parametrar |
|---|---|
| Analys av siktar | Fördelning av partikelstorlek |
| SEM-avbildning | Partikelns morfologi |
| EDX | Kemi och sammansättning |
| XRD | Befintliga faser |
| Pyknometri | Täthet |
| Hall flödeshastighet | Flödbarhet för pulver |
Testing per applicable ASTM standards ensures batch consistency.
Comparing IN939 to Alternative Alloy Powders
IN939 compares to other Ni-based superalloys as:
| Legering | Hållfasthet vid höga temperaturer | Kostnad | Utskriftsmöjlighet | Duktilitet |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IN939 | Utmärkt | Hög | Utmärkt | Låg |
| IN738 | Bra | Medium | Utmärkt | Medium |
| IN718 | Rättvist | Låg | Bra | Utmärkt |
| Hastelloy X | Utmärkt | Hög | Rättvist | Medium |
For balanced properties and processability, IN939 supersedes alternatives like IN718 Powder eller Hastelloy X Pulver.
Pros and Cons of IN939 Powder for 3D Printing
| Proffs | Nackdelar |
|---|---|
| Exceptional high temperature strength | Expensive compared to IN718 |
| Excellent oxidation and creep resistance | Significant parameter optimization needed |
| Komplexa geometrier genomförbara | Limited room temperature ductility |
| Faster processing than cast/wrought | Controlled storage and handling environment |
| Comparable properties to cast alloy | Svårt att bearbeta efter tryckning |
IN939 enables high-performance printed parts but with higher costs and controlled processing needs.
Frequently Asked Questions about IN939 Powder for 3D Printing
Q: What particle size range works best for printing IN939?
A: A particle size range of 15-45 microns provides good flowability combined with high resolution and density. Finer particles below 10 microns can improve density and surface finish.
Q: Does IN939 require any post-processing after 3D printing?
A: Post processes like hot isostatic pressing, heat treatment, and machining are usually needed to eliminate porosity, relieve stresses, and achieve final tolerances and surface finish.
Q: What precision can be achieved with IN939 printed parts?
A: After post-processing, dimensional accuracy and surface finish comparable to CNC machined parts can be achieved with IN939 AM components.
Q: Are support structures necessary for printing IN939 powder?
A: Minimal supports are recommended for complex channels and overhangs to prevent deformation and facilitate easy removal. IN939 powder has good flowability.
Q: What alloy powder is the closest alternative to IN939 for AM?
A: IN738 is the closest alternative in terms of balanced properties and maturity for additive manufacturing. Other alloys like IN718 or Hastelloy X have some trade-offs.
Q: Is IN939 compatible with direct metal laser sintering (DMLS)?
A: Yes, IN939 is readily processable by major powder bed fusion techniques including DMLS along with selective laser melting (SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM).
Q: What density is achievable with 3D printed IN939 components?
A: With optimized parameters, densities over 99% are achievable, matching properties of traditionally processed IN939 products.
Q: How do the properties of printed IN939 compare to cast alloy?
A: Additively manufactured IN939 exhibits comparable or better mechanical properties and microstructure compared to conventional cast and wrought forms.
Q: What defects can occur when printing with IN939 powder?
A: Potential defects are cracking, distortion, porosity, surface roughness, incomplete fusion etc. Most can be prevented by proper parameter optimization and powder quality.
Q: Is hot isostatic pressing (HIP) mandatory for IN939 AM parts?
A: HIP eliminates internal voids and improves fatigue resistance. For less demanding applications, heat treatment alone may suffice instead of HIP.
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