Pulver av rostfritt stål 316L för 3D-utskrift av metall
Rostfritt stål 316L pulver är en typ av rostfritt stålpulver som innehåller molybden och har låg kolhalt. Det är ett austenitiskt rostfritt krom-nickelstål som har hög hållfasthet och utmärkta korrosionsbeständighetsegenskaper. 316L-pulver används ofta för 3D-utskrift eller additiv tillverkning inom branscher som flyg- och rymdindustrin, medicinteknik, bilindustrin och allmän tillverkning.
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Rostfritt stål 316L pulver är en typ av rostfritt stålpulver som innehåller molybden och har låg kolhalt. Det är ett austenitiskt rostfritt krom-nickelstål som har hög hållfasthet och utmärkta korrosionsbeständighetsegenskaper. 316L-pulver används ofta för 3D-utskrift eller additiv tillverkning inom branscher som flyg- och rymdindustrin, medicinteknik, bilindustrin och allmän tillverkning.
Some key properties and characteristics of 316L powder include:
Sammansättning: Iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, manganese, silicon, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur
Particle Shape: Spherical, high flowability
Partikelstorlek: 15-45 microns, submicron sizes available
Densitet: Approx 7.9 g/cc
Melting Point: 1381-1400°C
Key Features: Corrosion resistance, heat resistance, weldability, strength, biocompatibility
Common Trade Names: 316L, 1.4404, 1.4435
316L powder can be used to print strong and durable parts with complex geometries using various 3D printing processes like selective laser sintering (SLS), direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), electron beam melting (EBM), binder jetting, etc.
Types of 316L Powders
There are a few main types of 316L stainless steel powders available:
Gas Atomized 316L Powder
- Produced using inert gas atomization process
- Spherical particles with smooth surface
- Flows easily, packs densely for printing
- Good spreadability and compaction
- Used widely for laser-based and binder jet 3D printing
Water Atomized 316L Powder
- Made using high pressure water jets
- Irregular particle shape
- Porous surface, high oxygen content
- Lower cost compared to gas atomized powder
- Used mostly for press-and-sinter applications
Plasma Atomized 316L Powder
- Manufactured with plasma atomization
- Very spherical particles
- Controlled particle size distribution
- Used in critical applications requiring high density
- Expensive compared to other atomization methods
Recycled 316L Powder
- Recovered unused powder from 3D builds
- May have mixed particle shapes and sizes
- Needs additional sieving and processing
- Lower cost option for non-critical applications
- Concerns over contamination from prior builds
316L Powder Composition
316L stainless steel gets its corrosion resistance from chromium and molybdenum alloyed with iron. Here is the elemental composition of 316L powder:
Element | Sammansättning Range |
---|---|
Järn (Fe) | Balans |
Krom (Cr) | 16-18% |
Nickel (Ni) | 10-14% |
Molybden (Mo) | 2-3% |
Mangan (Mn) | ≤ 2% |
Kisel (Si) | ≤ 1% |
Kol (C) | ≤ 0.03% |
Fosfor (P) | ≤ 0.045% |
Svavel (S) | ≤ 0.03% |
The low carbon content reduces carbide precipitation during welding and enhances corrosion resistance. The addition of molybdenum boosts pitting and crevice corrosion performance in chloride environments.
The composition conforms to national and international grades like UNS S31603, W.Nr 1.4404, AISI 316L, and ISO 5832-1. Custom alloys are also possible for specialized requirements.
Key Properties and Characteristics
316L powder possesses a unique combination of outstanding properties which makes it suitable for various critical, high performance applications across industries.
Motståndskraft mot korrosion Excellent resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking in acids, alkalis, salts, and organic chemicals
Mekaniska egenskaper High ultimate tensile and yield strength coupled with good ductility and impact strength
Värmebeständighet Can withstand continuous service up to ~900°C and intermittent exposure beyond for certain applications
Svetsbarhet Readily weldable and less prone to sensitization during welding compared to unstabilized grades
Biokompatibilitet Non-toxic with high biocompatibility for use in medical implants and devices
Here is a table comparing the key properties of 316 vs 316L powder:
Fastighet | 316 Powder | 316L Powder |
---|---|---|
Density (g/cc) | 7.9 | 7.9 |
Melting Point (°C) | 1375-1400 | 1381-1400 |
Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) | ≥ 515 | ≥ 485 |
Yield Strength (MPa) | ≥ 170 | ≥ 170 |
Elongation (%) | ≥ 40 | ≥ 35 |
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) | 193 | 193 |
Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K) | 16.2 | 16.2 |
Thermal Expansion (μm/m-°C) | 15-16.5 | 15-16.5 |
Motståndskraft mot korrosion | Mycket bra | Utmärkt |
Pitting Resistance Equivalency Number (PREN) | 24-26 | 25-27 |
Magnetic Permeability | Icke-magnetisk | Icke-magnetisk |
Biokompatibilitet | Bra | Utmärkt |
The superior corrosion resistance of 316L powder can be attributed to the higher PREN and lower carbon content compared to 316 powder. 316L also offers better bio-compatibility and is used preferentially for permanent implants in the human body.
Applications of 316L Powder
Some of the common applications where 316L powder finds widespread use include:
Additiv tillverkning SLS/DMLS/EBM printing of end-use metal parts across aerospace, medical, automotive, tooling etc.
Biomedical Implants Manufacturing implants like knee and hip replacements, spinal rods, dental fixtures etc.
Food Processing Equipment Valves, fittings, fasteners, machine parts for the food and pharmaceutical industries
Chemical Processing Industry
Pump impellers, housings, valve bodies and other wetted components
Marina tillämpningar
Shafts, fittings, couplings, flanges, propellers used in marine environments
316L provides exceptional performance across this wide spectrum of applications owing to its outstanding corrosion resistance coupled with high strength.
Here are examples of some 316L parts printed using additive manufacturing:
Industri | Typical AM Parts |
---|---|
Flyg- och rymdindustrin | Turbine blades, structural brackets, impellers |
Fordon | Custom fasteners, sensors, lightweight chassis parts |
Medicinsk | Surgical instruments, prosthetics, implants |
Verktyg | Injection molds, extrusion dies, jigs and fixtures |
316L Powder Specifications
316L powder used for AM needs to conform to, or exceed, the following specifications:
Fördelning av partikelstorlek
Size (μm) | Distribution (%) |
---|---|
20-63 | ≥ 95 |
15-45 | Optimal |
Skenbar densitet Typically 4.0-4.8 g/cc
Flödeshastighet
Hall flowmeter > 15 sec/50g
Kemisk sammansättning As per 316L grade specifications aforementioned
Mikrostruktur
Fully austenitic, absence of stringers and satellites
Partikelform Predominantly spherical morphology
Surface Texture Smooth surface finish on particles
Syrehalt Mostly <1000 ppm
Saturation Magnetization < 3.1 emu/g
Reputable 316L powder manufacturers produce material that meets or surpasses these specifications for AM. Every batch comes with a Certificate of Analysis from independent testing.
316L Powder Suppliers
Some leading global suppliers of 316L stainless steel powder include:
Företag | Produktionskapacitet | Cost Per KG |
---|---|---|
Sandvik Osprey | 200 MT annually | $50-90 |
Snickare Tillsats | Custom | $75-150 |
Praxair | 100 MT annually | $40-80 |
Höganäs | 500 MT annually | $30-60 |
CNPC Pulver | 1000 MT annually | $25-50 |
Custom alloys with special particle size distributions or tighter chemistry controls can cost 20-50% more than standard 316L powder compositions.
As for pricing, gas atomized 316L powder suitable for AM typically costs between $30-150 per kg depending on quality, batch size and geographic region. Water atomized and plasma atomized grades occupy the lower and upper ends of this range
Pros and Cons of 316L Powder for Additive Manufacturing
Advantages of 316L Powder
Excellent Corrosion Resistance Up to 25-30% better pitting and crevice corrosion resistance compared to 316 powder
Bio-compatible and Non-Toxic Safe for prolonged skin contact and for use in medical implants
High Mechanical Strength Tensile strength >485 MPa matching and exceeding cast/wrought 316L properties
Outstanding Fatigue Performance Very high fatigue limit resulting in long component lifespans
Lighter Weight Parts Lower component weight translates to fuel efficiency gains in vehicles
High Temperature Stability
Can resist temperatures exceeding 650°C for certain applications
Easy Weldability Compatible with almost all welding processes. Great for repairs and post-processing
Smoother Surfaces As-printed surfaces that require less finishing and rework
Cost-effectiveness Comparable in cost to 316 SS and cheaper than exotic alloys
Custom Alloys Possible Can engineer powder compositions tailored to a given application
Faster, Cheaper Prototyping No need for hard tooling like casting and machining dies
Disadvantages of Using 316L Powder for AM
Anisotropic Mechanical Behavior
Varies with build direction. Needs design and testing considerations.
Potential Internal Defects
Lack of fusion, un-melted particles, porosity. Depends on the AM process in use.
Post-Processing Needs Removal of supports, finish machining, annealing etc. can increase cost.
Limited Part Size Constrained by build chamber dimensions (improving constantly with new machines)
Orientation Constraints Some geometries need support structures and can limit design freedom
Property Variability
Powder reuse/recycle can result in inferior properties batch-to-batch
Surface Finish Limitations Can fluctuate more than traditional subtractive machining methods
Equipment and Material Cost High equipment investment. Large powder quantities needed for big parts.
Lack of Design Standards Rapidly evolving field. Continued qualification testing required.
Comparison Between 316L vs 17-4PH vs 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Powders
316L stainless steel powder has become the first choice for many additive manufacturing applications needing good mechanical performance coupled with high corrosion resistance. However, for more demanding applications, high strength structural powders like 17-4PH and 15-5 PH are being deployed with increasing use.
Here is how these stainless steel alloys compare for key powder properties relevant to AM:
Powder Property | 316L SS | 17-4PH SS | 15-5 PH SS |
---|---|---|---|
Motståndskraft mot korrosion | Utmärkt | Måttlig | Måttlig |
Draghållfasthet | 485-550 MPa | 1050-1200 MPa | 1050-1150 MPa |
Utbyteshållfasthet | 170-340 MPa | 900-1100 MPa | 900-1000 MPa |
Töjning | 35-50% | 8-13% | 10-16% |
Utmattningshållfasthet | 170-200 MPa | 500-700 MPa | 550-650 MPa |
High Temperature Stability | Rättvist | Utmärkt | Utmärkt |
Svetsbarhet | Utmärkt | Rättvist | Bra |
Cost Per Kg | $30-150 | $150-250 | $100-200 |
We can draw the following conclusions from this product comparison:
- For the highest corrosion resistance plus good weldability, 316L is unparalleled
- Where high strength outweighs corrosion performance, 17-4PH and 15-5 PH are better
- 17-4PH SS powder delivers the best high temperature creep resistance
- 15-5PH offers the optimal balance of strength and weldability/machinability
- 316L is the most cost-effective option while 17-4PH powder is relatively expensive
By carefully selecting the right grade for an application, buyers can obtain the ideal combination of properties and performance-to-cost ratio.
Vanliga frågor
Here are answers to some frequently asked questions regarding 316L stainless steel powder for AM processes:
Which additive manufacturing processes use 316L powder?
316L powder is compatible with all major direct metal AM processes that can print metals. These include:
- Powder bed fusion – SLS, DMLS, SLM
- Directed energy deposition – LENS, EBAM, laser cladding
- Bound metal deposition – Binder jetting
What are common 316L part defects in AM? How can they be avoided?
Some 316L part defects encountered include:
- Lack of fusion – Insufficient melting of powder. Increase laser power/speed
- Gas porosity – Optimize scan patterns. Use hot isostatic pressing
- Cracking – Modify support structures. Optimize thermal stresses
- Unmelted particles – Ensure uniform powder layers. Sieve properly.
What particle size is ideal for 316L powder in AM?
15-45 microns is recommended for most AM processes. Finer powder spreads better but can affect flow and recoating. Coarser particles have poor compactability.
What post-processing is typically done for 316L AM parts?
Post-processing steps help improve final part properties:
- Support removal via machining/grinding
- Hot isostatic pressing to eliminate internal voids
- Solution annealing and aging to refine microstructure
- Surface finishing like CNC machining and polishing
What standards does 316L powder for AM need to conform to?
While standards are still evolving, key ones include:
- ASTM F3049 – AM Metallic Powders
- ASTM F3056 – Characterizing AM Metal Powders
- ASTM F3301 – Properties for Additive Parts
- ISO/ASTM 52904 – Process parameters
Can 316L parts be welded or repaired after additive manufacturing?
Yes, 316L has very good weldability and AM-built components can be welded, repaired, and post-processed using techniques like TIG welding. Proper procedure development is vital for defect-free welds.
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