Titanmetallpulver

Översikt

Titanium metal powder is a fine granular form of titanium metal used in various manufacturing applications. It offers excellent strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility making it suitable for use in aerospace components, medical implants, sports equipment, automotive parts, and more.

Titanium powder can be produced through different methods including atomization of molten titanium, electrolysis of titanium compounds, and direct reduction of titanium ores. The properties and performance of the powder depends on the production technique as well as post-processing treatments. Critical characteristics that define the quality and usability of titanium powder include particle size distribution, morphology, powder flowability, apparent density, and impurity levels.

Typer av Titanmetallpulver

Typ	Produktionsmetod	Partikelstorlek	Morfologi	Skenbar densitet	Flytbarhet	Tillämpningar
Atomiserad	Gas or plasma atomization of molten titanium	10 – 250 μm	Sfärisk, granulär	2.2 – 3.8 g/cc	Bra	Additiv tillverkning, MIM
Hydrid-dehydrid (HDH)	Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of titanium scrap	<250 μm	Oregelbunden, svampig	1 – 2.5 g/cc	Dålig	Formsprutning av metall
Process med roterande elektrod	Electrolysis of titanium compounds	5 - 150 μm	Dendritisk	2 – 3 g/cc	Rättvist	Additiv tillverkning
Aluminothermic reduction	Chemical reduction with aluminum	50 – 500 μm	Oregelbunden, porös	1.5 – 3 g/cc	Rättvist	Refractory metallisation

Atomized titanium powder is spherical in morphology with good flow and packing characteristics. It is suitable for demanding additive manufacturing and metal injection molding applications.

Hydride-dehydride powder has lower density and poor flow compared to atomized powder. It is used predominantly for metal injection molding due to its lower cost.

Rotating electrode process powder has unique dendritic particles providing high sintered density. It is used in additive manufacturing methods like electron beam melting.

Composition of Titanium Metal Powder

Titanium metal powders are broadly categorized into four grades based on oxygen and iron content as per ASTM standards:

Betyg	Oxygen (wt%)	Iron (wt%)	Övriga element
Betyg 1	0.18	0.20	N, C, H
Betyg 2	0.25	0.30	N, C, H
Betyg 3	0.35	0.30	N, C, H
Betyg 4	0.40	0.50	N, C, H

The main alloying elements in titanium powder include:

• Aluminum (Al) – Improves strength and heat treatability
• Vanadium (V) – Increases strength and ductility
• Tin (Sn) – Improves creep resistance
• Zirconium (Zr) – Refines grains

Trace elements like nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and iron also have significant effects on mechanical properties. Strict control over chemical composition is necessary to achieve optimal performance.

Properties of Titanium Metal Powder

Fastighet	Värde	Betydelse
Täthet	4,5 g/cm3	Lower than steel and nickel alloys
Smältpunkt	1660°C	Bibehåller styrkan vid höga temperaturer
Styrka	900 – 1200 MPa	Stronger than aluminum
Elastisk modul	100 – 120 GPa	Lower modulus than steel
Töjning	15 – 25%	God duktilitet
Korrosionsbeständighet	Utmärkt	Due to protective oxide layer
Biokompatibilitet	Utmärkt	Suitable for medical implants
Termisk ledningsförmåga	7 – 16 W/m.K	Lower than aluminum and steel

The properties of finished titanium components depend on the powder characteristics as well as how the parts are manufactured. Porosity, surface finish, heat treatment, etc. have a large influence.

Key advantages of titanium metal include high specific strength, corrosion resistance, fatigue life, and biocompatibility. Limitations include high reactivity at elevated temperatures requiring inert atmospheres for powder handling and processing. Titanium alloys can also be more difficult to machine compared to other metals due to low thermal conductivity causing localized heating during machining.

Tillämpningar av Titanmetallpulver

Tillämpning	Exempel	Required Powder Characteristics
Additiv tillverkning	Aerospace components, orthopedic implants	Spherical morphology, controlled particle size distribution below 100 μm, high purity
Formsprutning av metall	Dental implants, fasteners	Irregular powder below 25 μm suitable for binder mixing
Refractory metallisation	Titanium coatings on metal substrates	Wide range of powder sizes from 5 μm to 500 μm
Pulvermetallurgi	Connecting rods, drive shafts	Tight control over oxygen and nitrogen content, good compressibility and sinterability
Termiska sprutbeläggningar	Protective coatings for marine applications	Special plasma spray grade powder with optimized particle size distribution
Pyroteknik	Flares, explosives	Coarser powder above 150 μm suitable for metal fuel formulations

Fine powders below 100 microns are preferred for additive manufacturing to achieve good resolution and mechanical properties. For pressed and sintered applications, spherical morphology provides optimal density whereas irregular particles are preferred for metal injection molding feedstocks.

Specifications for Titanium Metal Powder

ASTM standards for different titanium powder grades:

Standard	Beskrivning	Omfattade årskurser
ASTM B849	Standard for prealloyed titanium powder for MIM	Grade 1 to 4
ASTM B981	Standard for titanium alloys for thermal spray coatings	Grade 1 and 2
ASTM B983	Standard for titanium hydride-dehydride powder for MIM	Grade 1 to 4

Other titanium powder specifications:

Parameter	Typiska värden	Testmetoder
Fördelning av partikelstorlek	10 μm till 150 μm	Laserdiffraktion, siktanalys
Skenbar densitet	1 to 4 g/cc	Hall flödesmätare, Scott volymmätare
Tappdensitet	70 to 80% of true solid density	ASTM B527
Morfologi för pulver	Spherical, granular, sponge, dendritic	SEM, optical microscopy
Flödeshastighet	25 to 35 s/50 g	Hall-flödesmätare
Förlust vid tändning	0.1 to 2 wt%	ASTM E1019
Residual hydrogen	100 to 500 ppm	LECO inert gas fusion

Leverantörer av Titanmetallpulver

Leverantör	Produktionsmetod	Pulverkvalitet	Partikelstorlek
AP&C	Plasmaatomisering	Grade 1, 2, 5	10 to 45 μm
TLS Teknik	Atomisering av gas	Betyg 23	45 to 150 μm
AMETEK	Roterande elektrod	Betyg 2	5 to 63 μm
Puris	Hydrid-dehydrid	Betyg 2	Upp till 150 μm

Indicative pricing for titanium metal powder:

Betyg	Prissättning ($/kg)
Betyg 1	50 to 150
Betyg 2	40 to 100
Betyg 5	250 to 500

Bulk discounts may be available for large orders above 100 kg. Actual pricing varies based on quantity, quality requirements, lead time, etc.

Jämförelse av titanpulverproduktionsmetoder

Parameter	Atomisering av gas	Plasmaatomisering	HDH Process	Roterande elektrod
Morfologi	Granulärt, sfäriskt	Mycket sfärisk	Sponge, irregular	Dendritisk
Syrepickup	Måttlig	Låg	Hög	Låg
Genomströmning	Måttlig	Låg	Hög	Måttlig
Kostnad	Måttlig	Hög	Låg	Måttlig
Typiska tillämpningar	AM, MIM	AM, aerospace	MIM	AM

No single production method offers the best balance of quality and economics. Most manufacturers specialize in one technology and offer different grades targeting various applications. Powder quality and repeatability is critical for demanding applications whereas cost is a larger driving factor for high volume products.

Vanliga frågor

Q: What is the difference between titanium grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 powder?

A: The grades differ based on the allowed oxygen and iron content. Grade 1 has the lowest oxygen levels whereas grade 4 permits higher impurity levels. Lower grades provide superior mechanical properties while higher grades reduce cost.

Q: What particle size titanium powder do I need for additive manufacturing?

A: For most AM processes, the optimal particle size range is 10 to 45 microns. Finer powders below 100Copy microns enable good resolution and mechanical properties. However, extremely fine particles below 10 μm can be challenging to spread evenly during layering. They are also more prone to agglomeration issues.

Q: Is titanium powder hazardous?

A: Titanium powder can ignite and cause explosion hazards under certain conditions. Fine titanium powders, especially hydride powders, are highly flammable. Handling titanium powder requires inert gas environments using argon or nitrogen. Storage containers should have proper grounding. Workers must take precautions against dust inhalation and skin contact when handling titanium powders.

F: Hur produceras titanpulver?

A: The four main production methods are:

1. Gas atomization: Molten titanium stream is broken into droplets which solidify into powder
2. Plasma atomization: Extremely high heat from plasma rapidly melts and solidifies titanium
3. HDH process: Titanium scrap is processed using hydrogen cycles of absorption and desorption
4. Rotating electrode: Anodic dissolution of titanium rods forms powder through electrolytic reactions

Each process results in powder with different characteristics suited to various applications.

Q: What is the price of titanium powder?

A: Titanium powder can range from $40 to $500 per kg based on grade, quality, order volume, etc. Spherical grades 1 and 2 powder are moderately priced around $100/kg for small quantities. Special alloys used in aerospace can cost up to $500/kg. Hydride-dehydride and higher grade 4 powder are cheaper options closer to $50/kg for industry buyers.

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