Nickel-Based Superalloys

目次

概要

ニッケル基超合金 are the backbone of modern high-performance engineering applications, especially in industries that demand extreme durability and resistance to high temperatures. These superalloys are a marvel of material science, exhibiting exceptional strength, oxidation resistance, and creep resistance. They are predominantly used in aerospace, power generation, and chemical processing industries, where components face severe operational environments.

Key Highlights of Nickel-Based Superalloys:

  • Superior high-temperature performance
  • Exceptional mechanical strength
  • High resistance to thermal creep deformation
  • Good surface stability
  • 耐食性と耐酸化性

Understanding these alloys in depth requires exploring their composition, properties, applications, and more. So, let’s dive right in and uncover the intricate details of these fascinating materials.

titanium alloy Ti64

組成と特性 Nickel-Based Superalloys

Nickel-based superalloys are primarily composed of nickel, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, and aluminum, with minor additions of other elements like titanium, tungsten, and rhenium. The precise composition can vary significantly depending on the specific alloy and its intended application.

Table: Types, Composition, Properties, and Characteristics of Nickel-Based Superalloys

Alloy Name構成主要物件特徴
インコネル718Ni-52%, Cr-19%, Fe-18%, Nb-5%, Mo-3%, Ti-1%, Al-0.5%Excellent tensile strength and rupture resistance at high tempsPrecipitation hardenable, good weldability
ハステロイXNi-47%, Cr-22%, Fe-18%, Mo-9%, Co-1.5%, W-0.6%Outstanding oxidation resistance, good formabilityResistant to oxidizing and reducing environments
ワスパロイNi-58%, Cr-19%, Co-13%, Mo-4.3%, Ti-3%, Al-1.4%High strength and oxidation resistance at temperatures up to 870°CUsed in gas turbines and high-speed airframes
ルネ41Ni-53%, Cr-19%, Co-11%, Mo-10%, Ti-3%, Al-1.5%Superior high-temperature strength, oxidation resistanceUsed in turbine blades, die-casting applications
Nimonic 80ANi-76%, Cr-19.5%, Ti-2.5%, Al-1.4%, Fe-0.5%Good corrosion and oxidation resistance, high creep resistanceUsed in gas turbine components, nuclear reactors
アロイ625Ni-61%, Cr-21.5%, Mo-9%, Nb-3.6%, Fe-2.5%, C-0.1%優れた疲労・熱疲労特性Used in aerospace, marine, and chemical processing
ヘインズ 282Ni-57%, Cr-19.5%, Co-10.5%, Mo-8.5%, Ti-2.1%, Al-1.5%, Fe-1.5%, Mn-0.06%, Si-0.15%, C-0.06%High creep strength, good thermal stabilitySuitable for gas turbines and other high-temp applications
インコロイ800Ni-32.5%, Fe-46%, Cr-21%, C-0.05%, Mn-1.5%, Si-1%, Al-0.4%, Ti-0.4%Excellent resistance to oxidation, carburizationUsed in heat exchangers, furnace parts
マーM247Ni-60%, Cr-10%, Co-10%, W-10%, Al-5.5%, Ti-1%, Ta-3%, Hf-1.5%, C-0.15%, B-0.015%, Zr-0.05%Excellent creep resistance and high-temperature strengthUsed in turbine blades, aerospace applications
Udimet 720Ni-58%, Cr-19%, Co-15%, Mo-3%, Ti-5%, Al-2.5%, Fe-0.5%, C-0.03%High tensile and rupture strength, excellent oxidation resistanceUsed in gas turbine engines, high-stress environments

Applications of Nickel-Based Superalloys

Nickel-based superalloys find applications in several demanding environments due to their outstanding properties. Here, we’ll explore some key applications where these superalloys are indispensable.

Table: Applications and Uses of Nickel-Based Superalloys

産業申し込み詳細
航空宇宙タービンブレードHigh strength and oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures ensure efficiency and durability
発電Gas Turbine ComponentsWithstand high thermal stresses and corrosive environments for long operational lifetimes
化学処理Heat Exchangers and ReactorsExcellent resistance to corrosive chemicals and high temperatures, ensuring safe and efficient processes
マリンSubmarine PartsCorrosion resistance in seawater and strength to withstand high pressures
自動車Turbocharger WheelsEnhanced performance at high temperatures and rotational speeds
石油・ガスDrilling EquipmentHigh wear resistance and strength to endure harsh drilling conditions
原子力Reactor Core ComponentsExcellent radiation resistance and thermal stability
メディカル補綴とインプラントBiocompatibility and corrosion resistance for long-term reliability
エレクトロニクスHigh-Temperature ElectronicsStability and performance in extreme thermal environments
ディフェンスJet Engines and Missile ComponentsReliability and performance under extreme operational conditions

仕様、サイズ、等級、規格

The specifications, sizes, grades, and standards for ニッケル基超合金 vary depending on their application and the industry requirements. Here’s a comprehensive table summarizing these details.

Table: Specifications, Sizes, Grades, and Standards for Nickel-Based Superalloys

Alloy Name仕様サイズグレード規格
インコネル718AMS5662、ASM B637Bars: 0.5-12 inches diameterUNS N07718AMS, ASTM, ISO
ハステロイXAMS 5536, ASTM B435Sheets: 0.015-0.187 inches thickUNS N06002AMS、ASTM
ワスパロイAMS 5706, ASTM B637Bars: 0.5-6 inches diameterUNS N07001AMS、ASTM
ルネ41AMS 5545, AMS 5712Sheets: 0.02-0.187 inches thickUNS N07041AMS、ASTM
Nimonic 80AAMS 5828, ASTM B637Bars: 0.25-8 inches diameterUNS N07080AMS, ASTM, ISO
アロイ6255666、B446Bars: 0.5-12 inches diameterUNS N06625AMS, ASTM, ASME
ヘインズ 282AMS 5914, ASTM B572Bars: 0.5-6 inches diameterUNS N07208AMS, ASTM, ASME
インコロイ800ASTM B408, AMS 5766Bars: 0.25-10 inches diameterUNS N08800ASTM, ASME, ISO
マーM247Proprietary SpecsCastings: custom sizes独自
Udimet 720AMS 5664, ASTM B637Bars: 0.5-8 inches diameterUNS N07720AMS, ASTM, ASME

Suppliers and Pricing Details of Nickel-Based Superalloys

Finding reliable suppliers and understanding pricing details are crucial for industries relying on nickel-based superalloys. Here’s a table outlining some leading suppliers and pricing information.

Table: Suppliers and Pricing Details of Nickel-Based Superalloys

サプライヤー名Alloys Available価格帯(kgあたり)所在地連絡先
ATIメタルズインコネル718、ハステロイX$50 – $100アメリカwww.atimetals.com, +1 800-289-8443
ヘインズ・インターナショナルHaynes 282, Hastelloy X$70 – $120アメリカwww.haynesintl.com, +1 765-456-6000
特殊金属Nimonic 80A, Incoloy 800$60 – $110UK, USAwww.specialmetals.com, +1 304-526-5100
カーペンター・テクノロジーWaspaloy, Alloy 625$80 – $130アメリカ、ヨーロッパwww.cartech.com, +1 610-208-2000
VSMPO-AVISMARene 41, Mar-M247$90 – $150ロシアwww.vsmpo.ru, +7 343 45 55 204
VDMメタルズAlloy 625, Inconel 718$70 – $120ドイツwww.vdm-metals.com, +49 2392 55-0
アレゲニー・テクノロジーズInconel 718, Alloy 625$50 – $110アメリカ www.atimetals.com, +1 800-289-8443
アルコニック Udimet 720, Rene 41$100 – $160アメリカ, グローバルwww.arconic.com, +1 412-315-2900
エラスティール Nimonic 80A, Waspaloy$80 – $140フランス www.erasteel.com, +33 1 53 32 30 00
プレシジョン・キャストパーツ社Mar-M247, Waspaloy$90 – $150アメリカ, グローバルwww.precast.com, +1 503-946-4800

Advantages of Nickel-Based Superalloys

Nickel-based superalloys boast several advantages that make them the material of choice for high-stress, high-temperature applications. Let’s delve into some of the key benefits.

Table: Advantages of Nickel-Based Superalloys

メリット説明
高温耐性Maintain strength and stability at temperatures exceeding 1000°C
耐食性Resistant to oxidation, sulfidation, and other forms of high-temperature corrosion
機械的強度Exceptional tensile and rupture strength, crucial for high-stress environments
クリープ抵抗Minimize deformation under prolonged exposure to high stresses and temperatures
耐疲労性High resistance to fatigue, making them ideal for cyclic loading conditions
汎用性Suitable for a wide range of industries including aerospace, power generation, and chemical processing
耐久性Long operational lifetimes even in extreme environments
熱安定性Stable mechanical properties across a wide temperature range
加工性Can be machined to precise specifications, essential for complex component design
カスタマイズ性Alloy compositions can be tailored to specific application requirements

のデメリット Nickel-Based Superalloys

Despite their numerous advantages, nickel-based superalloys have certain limitations. Here’s a look at some of the potential drawbacks.

Table: Disadvantages of Nickel-Based Superalloys

デメリット説明
高コストExpensive due to the cost of raw materials and complex manufacturing processes
Machining ChallengesDifficult to machine compared to other materials, requiring specialized tools and techniques
密度Relatively high density, which can be a drawback in weight-sensitive applications
空室状況Limited availability of certain alloys and grades, potentially leading to longer lead times
Recycling ComplexityRecycling these superalloys is challenging due to their complex compositions
製作の難しさRequires advanced fabrication techniques, which can be time-consuming and costly
熱伝導率Lower thermal conductivity compared to some other high-temperature materials
環境への影響Extraction and processing of raw materials can have significant environmental impacts
Allergic ReactionsPotential for nickel allergies in some individuals
Limited SuppliersFewer suppliers with the capability to produce high-quality superalloys, affecting market competition

比較 Nickel-Based Superalloys

Comparing various nickel-based superalloys helps in selecting the right material for specific applications. Here’s a detailed comparison based on key parameters.

Table: Comparison of Nickel-Based Superalloys

合金強さ耐熱温度耐食性加工性コスト
インコネル718高い700℃まで素晴らしいグッド中程度
ハステロイX中程度1200℃まで並外れたフェア高い
ワスパロイ非常に高い最高870℃までグッドフェア高い
ルネ41非常に高い1000℃まで素晴らしい難しい高い
Nimonic 80A高い最高815℃までグッドグッド中程度
アロイ625高いUp to 982°C素晴らしいグッド高い
ヘインズ 282非常に高い980℃までグッドフェア高い
インコロイ800中程度700℃まで素晴らしいグッド中程度
マーM247非常に高い最高1150℃までグッド難しい非常に高い
Udimet 720非常に高いUp to 950°C素晴らしいフェア高い
ニッケル基超合金

よくあるご質問

Table: Frequently Asked Questions about Nickel-Based Superalloys

質問答え
What are nickel-based superalloys?High-performance alloys primarily composed of nickel, designed for extreme environments.
What industries use nickel-based superalloys?Aerospace, power generation, chemical processing, marine, automotive, and more.
Why are nickel-based superalloys expensive?Due to the cost of raw materials and the complex manufacturing processes involved.
Can nickel-based superalloys be recycled?Yes, but recycling is complex due to their intricate compositions.
What is the temperature limit for nickel-based superalloys?They can withstand temperatures up to 1200°C depending on the alloy.
Are there any health concerns with nickel-based superalloys?Potential nickel allergies in some individuals.
How are nickel-based superalloys manufactured?Through processes like casting, forging, and powder metallurgy.
What makes nickel-based superalloys corrosion resistant?High chromium content and other alloying elements provide excellent corrosion resistance.
Can these superalloys be welded?Yes, but welding requires specific techniques and post-weld treatments.
How do nickel-based superalloys compare to other superalloys?They generally offer superior high-temperature performance and corrosion resistance.

結論

Nickel-based superalloys are essential materials that drive performance in some of the most challenging engineering environments. Their remarkable properties make them indispensable in industries where failure is not an option. By understanding their composition, properties, applications, and the trade-offs involved, engineers and material scientists can make informed decisions that push the boundaries of technology and innovation.

So, the next time you see a jet engine or a gas turbine, remember the unsung heroes – the nickel-based superalloys – working tirelessly behind the scenes to keep the world running smoothly.

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