Nickel-Based Superalloys

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Overzicht

Op nikkel gebaseerde superlegeringen are the backbone of modern high-performance engineering applications, especially in industries that demand extreme durability and resistance to high temperatures. These superalloys are a marvel of material science, exhibiting exceptional strength, oxidation resistance, and creep resistance. They are predominantly used in aerospace, power generation, and chemical processing industries, where components face severe operational environments.

Key Highlights of Nickel-Based Superalloys:

  • Superior high-temperature performance
  • Exceptional mechanical strength
  • High resistance to thermal creep deformation
  • Good surface stability
  • Corrosie- en oxidatiebestendigheid

Understanding these alloys in depth requires exploring their composition, properties, applications, and more. So, let’s dive right in and uncover the intricate details of these fascinating materials.

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Samenstelling en eigenschappen van Nickel-Based Superalloys

Nickel-based superalloys are primarily composed of nickel, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, and aluminum, with minor additions of other elements like titanium, tungsten, and rhenium. The precise composition can vary significantly depending on the specific alloy and its intended application.

Table: Types, Composition, Properties, and Characteristics of Nickel-Based Superalloys

Alloy NameSamenstellingBelangrijkste eigenschappenKenmerken
Inconel 718Ni-52%, Cr-19%, Fe-18%, Nb-5%, Mo-3%, Ti-1%, Al-0.5%Excellent tensile strength and rupture resistance at high tempsPrecipitation hardenable, good weldability
Hastelloy XNi-47%, Cr-22%, Fe-18%, Mo-9%, Co-1.5%, W-0.6%Outstanding oxidation resistance, good formabilityResistant to oxidizing and reducing environments
WaspaloyNi-58%, Cr-19%, Co-13%, Mo-4.3%, Ti-3%, Al-1.4%High strength and oxidation resistance at temperatures up to 870°CUsed in gas turbines and high-speed airframes
René 41Ni-53%, Cr-19%, Co-11%, Mo-10%, Ti-3%, Al-1.5%Superior high-temperature strength, oxidation resistanceUsed in turbine blades, die-casting applications
Nimonic 80ANi-76%, Cr-19.5%, Ti-2.5%, Al-1.4%, Fe-0.5%Good corrosion and oxidation resistance, high creep resistanceUsed in gas turbine components, nuclear reactors
Legering 625Ni-61%, Cr-21.5%, Mo-9%, Nb-3.6%, Fe-2.5%, C-0.1%Uitstekende vermoeiings- en thermische vermoeiingseigenschappenUsed in aerospace, marine, and chemical processing
Haynes 282Ni-57%, Cr-19.5%, Co-10.5%, Mo-8.5%, Ti-2.1%, Al-1.5%, Fe-1.5%, Mn-0.06%, Si-0.15%, C-0.06%High creep strength, good thermal stabilitySuitable for gas turbines and other high-temp applications
Incoloy 800Ni-32.5%, Fe-46%, Cr-21%, C-0.05%, Mn-1.5%, Si-1%, Al-0.4%, Ti-0.4%Excellent resistance to oxidation, carburizationUsed in heat exchangers, furnace parts
Mar-M247Ni-60%, Cr-10%, Co-10%, W-10%, Al-5.5%, Ti-1%, Ta-3%, Hf-1.5%, C-0.15%, B-0.015%, Zr-0.05%Excellent creep resistance and high-temperature strengthUsed in turbine blades, aerospace applications
Udimet 720Ni-58%, Cr-19%, Co-15%, Mo-3%, Ti-5%, Al-2.5%, Fe-0.5%, C-0.03%High tensile and rupture strength, excellent oxidation resistanceUsed in gas turbine engines, high-stress environments

Applications of Nickel-Based Superalloys

Nickel-based superalloys find applications in several demanding environments due to their outstanding properties. Here, we’ll explore some key applications where these superalloys are indispensable.

Table: Applications and Uses of Nickel-Based Superalloys

IndustrieSollicitatieDetails
Lucht- en ruimtevaartTurbinebladenHigh strength and oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures ensure efficiency and durability
StroomopwekkingGas Turbine ComponentsWithstand high thermal stresses and corrosive environments for long operational lifetimes
Chemische verwerkingHeat Exchangers and ReactorsExcellent resistance to corrosive chemicals and high temperatures, ensuring safe and efficient processes
MarienSubmarine PartsCorrosion resistance in seawater and strength to withstand high pressures
AutomobielTurbocharger WheelsEnhanced performance at high temperatures and rotational speeds
Olie en gasDrilling EquipmentHigh wear resistance and strength to endure harsh drilling conditions
NucleairReactor Core ComponentsExcellent radiation resistance and thermal stability
MedischProthesen en implantatenBiocompatibility and corrosion resistance for long-term reliability
ElektronicaHigh-Temperature ElectronicsStability and performance in extreme thermal environments
VerdedigingJet Engines and Missile ComponentsReliability and performance under extreme operational conditions

Specificaties, maten, kwaliteiten en normen

The specifications, sizes, grades, and standards for superlegeringen op basis van nikkel vary depending on their application and the industry requirements. Here’s a comprehensive table summarizing these details.

Table: Specifications, Sizes, Grades, and Standards for Nickel-Based Superalloys

Alloy NameSpecificatieMatenCijfersNormen
Inconel 718AMS 5662, ASTM B637Bars: 0.5-12 inches diameterUNS N07718AMS, ASTM, ISO
Hastelloy XAMS 5536, ASTM B435Sheets: 0.015-0.187 inches thickUNS N06002AMS, ASTM
WaspaloyAMS 5706, ASTM B637Bars: 0.5-6 inches diameterUNS N07001AMS, ASTM
René 41AMS 5545, AMS 5712Sheets: 0.02-0.187 inches thickUNS N07041AMS, ASTM
Nimonic 80AAMS 5828, ASTM B637Bars: 0.25-8 inches diameterUNS N07080AMS, ASTM, ISO
Legering 625AMS 5666, ASTM B446Bars: 0.5-12 inches diameterUNS N06625AMS, ASTM, ASME
Haynes 282AMS 5914, ASTM B572Bars: 0.5-6 inches diameterUNS N07208AMS, ASTM, ASME
Incoloy 800ASTM B408, AMS 5766Bars: 0.25-10 inches diameterUNS N08800ASTM, ASME, ISO
Mar-M247Proprietary SpecsCastings: custom sizesEigendom
Udimet 720AMS 5664, ASTM B637Bars: 0.5-8 inches diameterUNS N07720AMS, ASTM, ASME

Suppliers and Pricing Details of Nickel-Based Superalloys

Finding reliable suppliers and understanding pricing details are crucial for industries relying on nickel-based superalloys. Here’s a table outlining some leading suppliers and pricing information.

Table: Suppliers and Pricing Details of Nickel-Based Superalloys

Naam leverancierAlloys AvailablePrijsklasse (per kg)PlaatsContactgegevens
ATI MetalenInconel 718, Hastelloy X$50 – $100VSwww.atimetals.com, +1 800-289-8443
Haynes BelgiëHaynes 282, Hastelloy X$70 – $120VSwww.haynesintl.com, +1 765-456-6000
Speciale metalenNimonic 80A, Incoloy 800$60 – $110UK, USAwww.specialmetals.com, +1 304-526-5100
Timmerman technologieWaspaloy, Alloy 625$80 – $130VS, Europawww.cartech.com, +1 610-208-2000
VSMPO-AVISMARene 41, Mar-M247$90 – $150Ruslandwww.vsmpo.ru, +7 343 45 55 204
VDM MetaalAlloy 625, Inconel 718$70 – $120Duitslandwww.vdm-metals.com, +49 2392 55-0
Allegheny TechnologieënInconel 718, Alloy 625$50 – $110VS www.atimetals.com, +1 800-289-8443
Arconic Udimet 720, Rene 41$100 – $160VS, Wereldwijdwww.arconic.com, +1 412-315-2900
Erasteel Nimonic 80A, Waspaloy$80 – $140Frankrijk www.erasteel.com, +33 1 53 32 30 00
Precision Castparts CorpMar-M247, Waspaloy$90 – $150VS, Wereldwijdwww.precast.com, +1 503-946-4800

Advantages of Nickel-Based Superalloys

Nickel-based superalloys boast several advantages that make them the material of choice for high-stress, high-temperature applications. Let’s delve into some of the key benefits.

Table: Advantages of Nickel-Based Superalloys

VoordeelBeschrijving
Weerstand tegen hoge temperaturenMaintain strength and stability at temperatures exceeding 1000°C
CorrosieweerstandResistant to oxidation, sulfidation, and other forms of high-temperature corrosion
Mechanische krachtExceptional tensile and rupture strength, crucial for high-stress environments
KruipweerstandMinimize deformation under prolonged exposure to high stresses and temperatures
Weerstand tegen vermoeiingHigh resistance to fatigue, making them ideal for cyclic loading conditions
VeelzijdigheidSuitable for a wide range of industries including aerospace, power generation, and chemical processing
DuurzaamheidLong operational lifetimes even in extreme environments
Thermische stabiliteitStable mechanical properties across a wide temperature range
BewerkbaarheidCan be machined to precise specifications, essential for complex component design
AanpasbaarheidAlloy compositions can be tailored to specific application requirements

Nadelen van Nickel-Based Superalloys

Despite their numerous advantages, nickel-based superalloys have certain limitations. Here’s a look at some of the potential drawbacks.

Table: Disadvantages of Nickel-Based Superalloys

NadeelBeschrijving
Hoge kostenExpensive due to the cost of raw materials and complex manufacturing processes
Machining ChallengesDifficult to machine compared to other materials, requiring specialized tools and techniques
DikteRelatively high density, which can be a drawback in weight-sensitive applications
BeschikbaarheidLimited availability of certain alloys and grades, potentially leading to longer lead times
Recycling ComplexityRecycling these superalloys is challenging due to their complex compositions
FabricagemoeilijkheidRequires advanced fabrication techniques, which can be time-consuming and costly
WarmtegeleidingLower thermal conductivity compared to some other high-temperature materials
Milieu-impactExtraction and processing of raw materials can have significant environmental impacts
Allergic ReactionsPotential for nickel allergies in some individuals
Limited SuppliersFewer suppliers with the capability to produce high-quality superalloys, affecting market competition

Vergelijking van Nickel-Based Superalloys

Comparing various nickel-based superalloys helps in selecting the right material for specific applications. Here’s a detailed comparison based on key parameters.

Table: Comparison of Nickel-Based Superalloys

LegeringKrachtTemperatuurbestendigheidCorrosieweerstandBewerkbaarheidKosten
Inconel 718HoogTot 700°CUitstekendGoedGematigd
Hastelloy XGematigdTot 1200°CUitstekendEerlijkHoog
WaspaloyHeel hoogTot 870°CGoedEerlijkHoog
René 41Heel hoogTot 1000°CUitstekendMoeilijkHoog
Nimonic 80AHoogTot 815°CGoedGoedGematigd
Legering 625HoogUp to 982°CUitstekendGoedHoog
Haynes 282Heel hoogTot 980°CGoedEerlijkHoog
Incoloy 800GematigdTot 700°CUitstekendGoedGematigd
Mar-M247Heel hoogTot 1150°CGoedMoeilijkHeel hoog
Udimet 720Heel hoogUp to 950°CUitstekendEerlijkHoog
superlegeringen op basis van nikkel

Veelgestelde vragen

Table: Frequently Asked Questions about Nickel-Based Superalloys

VraagAntwoord
What are nickel-based superalloys?High-performance alloys primarily composed of nickel, designed for extreme environments.
What industries use nickel-based superalloys?Aerospace, power generation, chemical processing, marine, automotive, and more.
Why are nickel-based superalloys expensive?Due to the cost of raw materials and the complex manufacturing processes involved.
Can nickel-based superalloys be recycled?Yes, but recycling is complex due to their intricate compositions.
What is the temperature limit for nickel-based superalloys?They can withstand temperatures up to 1200°C depending on the alloy.
Are there any health concerns with nickel-based superalloys?Potential nickel allergies in some individuals.
How are nickel-based superalloys manufactured?Through processes like casting, forging, and powder metallurgy.
What makes nickel-based superalloys corrosion resistant?High chromium content and other alloying elements provide excellent corrosion resistance.
Can these superalloys be welded?Yes, but welding requires specific techniques and post-weld treatments.
How do nickel-based superalloys compare to other superalloys?They generally offer superior high-temperature performance and corrosion resistance.

Conclusie

Nickel-based superalloys are essential materials that drive performance in some of the most challenging engineering environments. Their remarkable properties make them indispensable in industries where failure is not an option. By understanding their composition, properties, applications, and the trade-offs involved, engineers and material scientists can make informed decisions that push the boundaries of technology and innovation.

So, the next time you see a jet engine or a gas turbine, remember the unsung heroes – the nickel-based superalloys – working tirelessly behind the scenes to keep the world running smoothly.

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