ASTM B348: een uitgebreide handleiding
Inhoudsopgave
When it comes to titanium and titanium alloy bars and billets, ASTM B348 is the standard specification that governs their production and quality. But what exactly is ASTM B348, and why is it crucial in various industries? Let’s dive into the details.
Overzicht van ASTM B348
ASTM B348 is a specification that covers several grades of titanium and titanium alloy bars and billets. These materials are widely used in aerospace, medical devices, automotive, and other high-performance industries due to their excellent strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility.
Key Details of ASTM B348
- Titel: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bars and Billets
- Standardizing Body: ASTM International
- Material Types: Pure Titanium and Titanium Alloys
- Toepassingen: Aerospace, Medical Devices, Automotive, Marine, Chemical Processing
- Eigenschappen: High Strength, Corrosion Resistance, Low Density, Biocompatibility
Types of Titanium and Titanium Alloys under ASTM B348
Common Grades and Their Composition
| Cijfer | Samenstelling | Eigenschappen | Kenmerken |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rang 1 | Pure Titanium (99.5% Ti) | Excellent corrosion resistance, ductility, and formability | Softest and most ductile of all grades |
| Rang 2 | Pure Titanium (99.2% Ti) | Good balance of strength and ductility | Widely used for industrial applications |
| Rang 3 | Pure Titanium (99.1% Ti) | Higher strength than Grade 2, less ductile | Used where higher strength is required |
| Rang 4 | Pure Titanium (99% Ti) | Highest strength among pure grades, lower ductility | Suitable for high-pressure applications |
| Niveau 5 | Ti-6Al-4V (6% Al, 4% V) | High strength, light weight, corrosion resistance | Most commonly used titanium alloy |
| Rang 7 | Ti-0.2Pd (0.2% Pd) | Improved corrosion resistance in reducing and oxidizing environments | Used in chemical processing industries |
| Rang 9 | Ti-3Al-2.5V (3% Al, 2.5% V) | Good strength and formability | Used in aerospace and industrial applications |
| Rang 11 | Ti-0.15Pd (0.15% Pd) | Similar to Grade 1 but with improved corrosion resistance | Gebruikt in de scheepvaart en chemische industrie |
| Rang 12 | Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni (0.3% Mo, 0.8% Ni) | Improved corrosion resistance and strength | Suitable for chemical and marine applications |
| Graad 23 | Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) | High strength, excellent fracture toughness | Used in medical implants and aerospace |
Eigenschappen en kenmerken van ASTM B348 Materialen
Understanding the properties of these materials is essential for selecting the right grade for your application. Let’s break down the key characteristics:
Mechanische eigenschappen
| Eigendom | Rang 1 | Rang 2 | Rang 3 | Rang 4 | Niveau 5 | Rang 7 | Rang 9 | Rang 11 | Rang 12 | Graad 23 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treksterkte (MPa) | 240 | 345 | 450 | 550 | 895 | 345 | 620 | 240 | 483 | 860 |
| Opbrengststerkte (MPa) | 170 | 275 | 380 | 485 | 825 | 275 | 483 | 170 | 380 | 795 |
| Verlenging (%) | 24 | 20 | 18 | 15 | 10 | 20 | 15 | 24 | 18 | 10 |
Fysieke eigenschappen
| Eigendom | Rang 1 | Rang 2 | Rang 3 | Rang 4 | Niveau 5 | Rang 7 | Rang 9 | Rang 11 | Rang 12 | Graad 23 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dichtheid (g/cm³) | 4.51 | 4.51 | 4.51 | 4.51 | 4.43 | 4.51 | 4.48 | 4.51 | 4.54 | 4.43 |
| Smeltpunt (°C) | 1668 | 1668 | 1668 | 1668 | 1604 | 1668 | 1638 | 1668 | 1650 | 1604 |
| Elasticiteitsmodulus (GPa) | 105 | 105 | 105 | 105 | 110 | 105 | 103 | 105 | 106 | 110 |
Applications of ASTM B348 Materials
Given their excellent properties, ASTM B348 materials find use in various demanding applications.
Industriële toepassingen
| Industrie | Toepassingen | Preferred Grades |
|---|---|---|
| Lucht- en ruimtevaart | Aircraft components, fasteners, landing gears | Grade 5, Grade 9, Grade 23 |
| Medisch | Surgical implants, dental implants, prosthetics | Rang 23, Rang 5 |
| Automobiel | Engine components, exhaust systems, connecting rods | Grade 5, Grade 9 |
| Marien | Shipbuilding, offshore structures, desalination plants | Grade 2, Grade 12, Grade 11 |
| Chemische verwerking | Heat exchangers, reaction vessels, piping | Grade 2, Grade 7, Grade 12 |
Toepassingen Tabel
| Sollicitatie | Beschrijving | Recommended Grades |
|---|---|---|
| Lucht- en ruimtevaartcomponenten | High-strength, lightweight parts for aircraft and spacecraft | Grade 5, Grade 9, Grade 23 |
| Medische apparaten | Biocompatible implants and surgical tools | Rang 23, Rang 5 |
| Auto-onderdelen | Lightweight, durable engine and exhaust components | Grade 5, Grade 9 |
| Scheepsuitrusting | Corrosion-resistant parts for marine environments | Grade 2, Grade 12, Grade 11 |
| Chemische verwerking | Equipment for handling corrosive substances | Grade 2, Grade 7, Grade 12 |
Specificaties, maten en standaarden
Understanding the specifications and sizes available for ASTM B348 materials is crucial for proper selection and application.
Specificaties Tabel
| Cijfer | Diameter Range (mm) | Length Range (mm) | Normen |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rang 1 | 6.35 – 152.4 | 300 – 6000 | ASTM B348, ASME SB-348 |
| Rang 2 | 6.35 – 152.4 | 300 – 6000 | ASTM B348, ASME SB-348 |
| Rang 3 | 6.35 – 152.4 | 300 – 6000 | ASTM B348, ASME SB-348 |
| Rang 4 | 6.35 – 152.4 | 300 – 6000 | ASTM B348, ASME SB-348 |
| Niveau 5 | 6.35 – 203.2 | 300 – 6000 | ASTM B348, AMS 4928, MIL-T-9047 |
| Rang 7 | 6.35 – 152.4 | 300 – 6000 | ASTM B348, ASME SB-348 |
| Rang 9 | 6.35 – 152.4 | 300 – 6000 | ASTM B348, AMS 4928 |
| Rang 11 | 6.35 – 152.4 | 300 – 6000 | ASTM B348, ASME SB-348 |
| Rang 12 | 6.35 – 152.4 | 300 – 6000 | ASTM B348, ASME SB-348 |
| Graad 23 | 6.35 – 203.2 | 300 – 6000 | ASTM B348, AMS 4930 |
Leveranciers en prijsinformatie
The availability and cost of ASTM B348 materials can vary based on the supplier, grade, and quantity.
Leveranciers Tafel
| Leverancier | Grade Availability | Prijsklasse (per kg) | Plaats |
|---|---|---|---|
| Titanium Metals Corp | Grade 1, 2, 5, 7, 23 | $50 – $200 | VS |
| Baoji Titanium Co. | Grade 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9 | $40 – $180 | China |
| Timet | Grade 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 23 | $55 – $210 | VS, Europa |
| VSMPO-AVISMA | Grade 1, 2, 5, 9, 23 | $45 – $190 | Rusland |
| Western Superconducting | Grade 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 12 | $50 – $195 | China |
De voor- en nadelen van ASTM B348 Cijfers
Selecting the right titanium grade requires weighing the advantages and disadvantages of each option.
Vergelijkende tabel
| Cijfer | Voordelen | Nadelen |
|---|---|---|
| Rang 1 | Excellent corrosion resistance, high ductility | Lower strength compared to other grades |
| Rang 2 | Good balance of strength and ductility | Slightly less corrosion resistant than Grade 1 |
| Rang 3 | Higher strength than Grade 2 | Minder kneedbaar |
| Rang 4 | Highest strength among pure grades | Least ductile among pure grades |
| Niveau 5 | High strength, corrosion resistance, widely available | More expensive, harder to machine |
| Rang 7 | Excellent corrosion resistance in specific environments | Limited to niche applications |
| Rang 9 | Good formability, moderate strength | Limited availability compared to Grade 5 |
| Rang 11 | Similar to Grade 1 with better corrosion resistance | Lagere sterkte |
| Rang 12 | Good corrosion resistance and strength | Duurder |
| Graad 23 | High strength, excellent for medical applications | Very expensive, limited to high-performance applications |
FAQ
| Vraag | Antwoord |
|---|---|
| Wat is ASTM B348? | ASTM B348 is a standard specification for titanium and titanium alloy bars and billets. |
| Why is titanium used in aerospace? | Titanium is used in aerospace due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance. |
| Which grade of titanium is best for medical implants? | Grade 23 (Ti-6Al-4V ELI) is preferred for medical implants due to its biocompatibility and high strength. |
| How does Grade 5 titanium compare to Grade 2? | Grade 5 has higher strength and is used in more demanding applications, while Grade 2 offers a good balance of properties at a lower cost. |
| What industries use ASTM B348 materials? | Industries such as aerospace, medical, automotive, marine, and chemical processing use ASTM B348 materials. |
| How are titanium bars and billets produced? | They are typically produced through processes such as melting, forging, and rolling, followed by heat treatment and machining. |
| What makes titanium corrosion resistant? | Titanium forms a passive oxide layer on its surface that protects it from corrosion. |
| Can titanium be welded? | Yes, titanium can be welded, but it requires specific techniques and equipment to avoid contamination and ensure strong welds. |
| What is the difference between Grade 5 and Grade 23 titanium? | Grade 23 is an extra low interstitial version of Grade 5, offering improved ductility and fracture toughness for medical applications. |
| Where can I buy ASTM B348 titanium? | ASTM B348 titanium can be purchased from various suppliers like Titanium Metals Corp, Baoji Titanium Co., and Timet. |
Conclusie
ASTM B348 sets the standard for titanium and titanium alloy bars and billets, ensuring high quality and reliability for various applications. Whether you’re in aerospace, medical, automotive, or chemical processing, understanding the different grades and their properties can help you choose the right material for your needs. With its unique combination of strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility, titanium remains a critical material in advanced engineering and manufacturing.
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