Overview Of Inconel 718 Powder

Overview of Inconel 718 Powder

Inconel 718 is a nickel-chromium-based superalloy powder used for high strength applications at elevated temperatures. Key properties include:

• Excellent strength up to 700°C
• High corrosion and oxidation resistance
• Good fatigue and creep resistance
• Ability to withstand cryogenic temperatures
• Compatibility with post-processing like hot isostatic pressing

Inconel 718 powder is widely used to fabricate components for aerospace, oil and gas, nuclear, and other demanding industries via metal additive manufacturing or powder metallurgy.

Types of Inconel 718 Powder

Inconel 718 powder is available in different particle size distributions, shapes, and production methods:

Type	Description	Particle Size	Shape	Production Method
Gas atomized	Irregular spheroidal powder	15-75 μm	Mostly spherical	Gas atomization
Plasma atomized	Highly spherical powder	15-45 μm	Highly spherical	Plasma atomization
Blended	Mixture of gas atomized and crushed powders	15-150 μm	Mixed morphology	Mechanical blending
Alloyed	Prealloyed powder with uniform composition	15-105 μm	Spherical or irregular	Gas/plasma atomization of prealloyed melt

Spherical and prealloyed powders provide higher quality but cost more than blended or gas atomized options. The choice depends on application requirements.

Properties and Composition of Inconel 718

Inconel 718 possesses an exceptional combination of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance:

Property	Value
Density	8.19 g/cm3
Melting Point	1260-1336°C
Ultimate Tensile Strength	1,103 – 1,551 MPa
Yield Strength	758 – 1,379 MPa
Elongation	12% minimum
Young’s Modulus	205 GPa
Poisson’s Ratio	0.29
Shear Modulus	79 GPa
Fatigue Strength	517 – 1,034 MPa

The nominal composition of Inconel 718 is:

• Nickel: 50-55%
• Chromium: 17-21%
• Iron: Balance
• Niobium: 4.75-5.5%
• Molybdenum: 2.8-3.3%
• Titanium: 0.65-1.15%
• Aluminum: 0.2-0.8%

This combination of nickel, chromium, and niobium additions gives Inconel 718 its excellent high temperature mechanical properties.

Applications of Inconel 718 Powder

Inconel 718 powder is widely used in:

• Aerospace – Engine components like turbine blades, disks, fasteners
• Oil and gas – Downhole tools, valves, wellhead components
• Power generation – Gas turbine hot section parts, fasteners
• Automotive – Turbocharger wheels, valves, engine components
• Chemical processing – Reactor vessels, heat exchangers, piping
• Tooling – Injection molds, dies, tooling fixtures
• Medical – Orthopedic implants due to biocompatibility

Its high strength at elevated temperatures, corrosion resistance, and stability make Inconel 718 an ideal material for critical components across industries.

Benefits of Inconel 718 Powder

Key advantages of using Inconel 718 powder include:

• Parts maintain high strength and toughness up to 700°C
• Withstands oxidizing, corrosive, and cryogenic environments
• Twice the tensile strength compared to stainless steel 316L
• Excellent fatigue and creep rupture properties
• Can be precipitation strengthened by aging treatment
• Readily weldable for repairs and joining
• Resists cracking during hot isostatic pressing
• Can be reused up to 10 times with minimal deterioration
• Enables complex geometries not possible through machining
• Reduces component weight compared to solid forms
• Decreases buy-to-fly ratio relative to billet or forgings

These properties allow substantial performance improvements and weight savings in components.

Limitations of Inconel 718 Powder

Some limitations when working with Inconel 718 powder include:

• High material cost compared to steel and titanium alloys
• Part size constrained based on additive machine build volume
• Susceptible to oxidation and corrosion above 700°C
• Requires hot isostatic pressing after additive manufacturing to relieve stresses
• Difficult to fully densify during laser powder bed fusion
• Post-processing like machining can be challenging due to work hardening
• Surface finishing is required to achieve desirable roughness
• Requires dry powder handling and storage to prevent contamination
• Limited number of qualified suppliers compared to more common alloys

Design Principles for Inconel 718 Parts

Key design guidelines for Inconel 718 components fabricated from powder:

• Minimum wall thickness of 2 mm recommended for adequate strength
• Include chamfers and fillets to minimize stress concentrations
• Internal channels should have ≥ 2mm diameter for powder removal
• Limit overhangs without supports to no more than 10 mm
• Optimize build orientation to minimize supports and overall height
• Allow for isotropic shrinkage of ~20% during sintering
• Account for lower accuracy and higher surface roughness than machined parts
• Design for easier powder removal by including openings
• Allow extra machining stock if high dimensional precision or surface finish needed

Simulating builds early in the design process helps identify any issues before manufacturing.

Process Parameters for Inconel 718 AM

Critical parameters for additive manufacturing Inconel 718 include:

• Laser power: 100-500 W
• Scanning speed: Up to 10 m/s
• Beam diameter: 50-100 μm
• Layer thickness: 20-50 μm
• Hatch spacing: 50-200 μm
• Scan strategy: Alternating between layers
• Shielding gas: Argon or nitrogen
• Gas flow rate: 2-8 L/min
• Build plate temperature: 60-100°C
• Post-processing: Hot isostatic pressing, heat treatment

These parameters must be precisely optimized to obtain dense components with the desired microstructure and mechanical properties.

Post-Processing of Inconel 718 Parts

Typical post-processing steps for Inconel 718 AM components include:

• Removal of loose powder via blasting with plastic beads
• Stress relieving heat treatment at 1080°C for 1 hour followed by air cooling
• Hot isostatic pressing at 1120°C for 4 hours under 100 MPa pressure
• Wire-cut EDM to remove parts from build plate
• CNC machining – milling, drilling, turning to improve finish and precision
• Surface enhancement – grinding, sanding, polishing
• Shot peening to induce compressive stresses on surfaces
• Quality testing – tensile, hardness, microstructure, fractography

Proper post-processing is vital to achieve the material properties required by the application.

Quality Control Testing for Inconel 718

Comprehensive quality control testing ensures powder and printed part quality:

• Chemical analysis – ICP-OES confirms powder composition conforms to AMS specification
• Powder particle size distribution – Laser diffraction particle size analyzer
• Powder morphology – SEM imaging verifies spherical powder shape
• Powder microstructure – EBSD mapping of grain structure
• Powder flowability – Measured through Hall and Carney funnel tests
• Density analysis – Helium pycnometry and Archimedes method verifies >99.5% density
• Mechanical testing – Tensile, fatigue, fracture toughness, hardness testing
• Microstructure – Grain size and phase distribution using optical and SEM microscopy
• Defect analysis – X-ray and CT scans check for internal defects
• Surface roughness – Measured by stylus or optical profilometer

Extensive testing ensures that Inconel 718 parts meet strict aerospace and industrial standards.

Cost Analysis for Inconel 718 AM

The costs associated with Inconel 718 AM production include:

• Machine cost – $500,000 to $1 million for quality AM system
• Material cost – $350-500/kg for virgin Inconel 718 powder
• Labor cost – Skilled operators to run build and post-processing
• Energy cost – Large electricity consumption during builds
• Post-processing – HIP, machining and other finishing costs
• Quality control – Testing and characterization expenses
• Reusability – Unused powder can be recycled to reduce material costs
• Order volume – Higher volume orders provide economy of scale benefits
• Buy-to-fly ratio – Must consider unused powder that must be recycled
• Part geometry – Well-designed parts maximize material utilization

For low-mid volume production, AM becomes cost-effective compared to subtractive machining due to material savings and buy-to-fly ratio reduction.

Selecting an Inconel 718 Powder Supplier

Key factors when selecting an Inconel 718 powder supplier:

• Technical expertise in gas and plasma atomization of nickel superalloys
• Range of available powder sizes and morphologies – spherical, blended, alloyed
• Quality assurance procedures and certifications – ISO 9001, AS9100, etc.
• Ability to conduct chemical analysis and particle size distribution testing
• Capacity to deliver large powder quantities with short lead times
• Customization capabilities like sieving to specific particle size distributions
• Competitive and stable pricing, especially for large quantity orders
• Ability to meet regulatory compliance if required – ITAR, REACH, RoHS
• Samples for customer powder qualification and testing
• Technical support for powder handling and storage
• Geographic proximity for faster logistics and support

Established suppliers with niche expertise in nickel alloy powders tend to best satisfy user needs in terms of quality, customization, pricing, and support.

Pros and Cons of Inconel 718 vs Stainless Steel

Advantages of Inconel 718:

• Twice the tensile strength of stainless steel 316L
• Significantly higher creep and fatigue resistance
• Withstands oxidation and corrosion up to 700°C
• Better high cycle fatigue life than steels
• Consistent properties due to nickel alloy composition
• Can be age hardened unlike standard stainless steels
• Produces stronger bonds when applied as feedstock coating
• Easier to recycle and reuse unused powder

Disadvantages of Inconel 718:

• Much higher material cost than stainless steels
• Lower maximum operating temperature than stainless
• More difficult to fully densify during AM printing
• Challenging to machine due to work hardening
• Limited number of qualified suppliers
• Susceptible to liquid metal embrittlement during AM
• Higher post-processing requirements – HIP, heat treatment
• Requires controlled inert atmosphere processing

For critical applications where performance exceeds cost considerations, Inconel 718 provides markedly superior high temperature properties compared to stainless steels.

Comparison of Inconel 718 vs Inconel 625

Inconel 718 and 625 have the following distinguishing characteristics:

Alloy	Strength	Corrosion Resistance	Weldability	Cost	Use Temperature
Inconel 718	Very high	Moderate	Fair	High	Up to 700°C
Inconel 625	Medium	Excellent	Excellent	Very high	Up to 980°C

• Inconel 718 offers much higher tensile, creep, and fatigue strength.
• Inconel 625 provides better all-round corrosion and oxidation resistance.
• Inconel 625 has outstanding weldability while Inconel 718 is more challenging.
• Inconel 625 is costlier owing to extensive columbium alloying additions.
• Inconel 625 has higher maximum service temperature rating.

Inconel 718 is preferred for the most demanding high strength applications like aerospace components while Inconel 625 is selected when corrosion resistance is the foremost requirement.

FAQ

What particle size distribution is recommended for AM with Inconel 718 powder?

A particle size range of 15-45 microns with a majority between 20-35 microns is typically recommended for laser powder bed fusion with Inconel 718 to enable good flowability and dense compaction.

What are some post-processing heat treatments used for Inconel 718 AM parts?

Common heat treatments include 1270°C solution anneal, 960°C precipitation hardening, and 1080°C stress relieving. Multi-step aging treatments can further enhance strength and ductility.

What are some typical applications for Inconel 718 powder in aerospace?

Inconel 718 is widely used to fabricate aircraft engine components like blades, disks, fasteners, casings, and landing gear parts requiring high strength at elevated temperatures and in corrosive environments.

Does Inconel 718 require hot isostatic pressing after AM?

Yes, HIP is highly recommended after laser or electron beam powder bed fusion with Inconel 718 to eliminate internal voids and pores and improve fatigue life through microstructure homogenization.

How should unused Inconel 718 powder be handled?

All unsused powder must be handled in an inert atmosphere to prevent oxidation and contamination. Powder can be reused up to 10 times if maintained in a controlled environment. Beyond 10 recycles, new powder is recommended.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1) What PSD is optimal for LPBF with Inconel 718 Powder?

• Typically 15–45 µm (D10 ≈ 15–20 µm, D50 ≈ 25–35 µm, D90 ≈ 40–50 µm). For thicker layers or EBM, a coarser 45–106 µm cut is common.

2) Which powder attributes most influence build density and fatigue life?

• Sphericity/satellite fraction, oxygen/nitrogen content, PSD tails, and inclusion cleanliness. Highly spherical, low-interstitial powders with tight PSD improve spreadability and reduce lack-of-fusion.

3) What heat-treat schedules are commonly used after HIP for AM 718?

• Widely used routes include solution at ~980–1065°C followed by double aging (e.g., 720°C/8 h + 620°C/8 h) or AMS 5662/5664-aligned variants. Exact schedules depend on property targets and as-built microstructure.

4) How many reuse cycles are acceptable for Inconel 718 powder?

• Many qualified workflows permit 3–10 cycles with blending to virgin and sieving, contingent on monitoring PSD, O/N/H, flow, and morphology. Follow ISO/ASTM 52907 and OEM guidelines.

5) When is nitrogen acceptable as the process gas for 718?

• Argon is preferred to avoid nitride formation. Nitrogen may be used in some LPBF systems with validated parameter sets, but qualification is essential for fatigue-critical parts.

2025 Industry Trends

• Ultra-clean feedstocks: Greater emphasis on low interstitials (O/N/H) and ultra-low inclusions to meet aerospace fatigue and LCF/HCF targets without excessive over-processing.
• Data-first CoAs: Batch-level SEM morphology, satellite metrics, and PSD raw files are increasingly required in aerospace and energy RFQs to accelerate powder qualification.
• Cost and carbon reduction: Argon-recirculation atomizers and heat recovery cut gas use 20–35% and energy 10–18%, translating to lower powder OPEX and EPD disclosures.
• Post-HIP optimization: Parameter sets targeting near-full density as-built reduce reliance on HIP for some geometries; where HIP is retained, cycle times are shortened with targeted temperature/pressure profiles.
• Parameter portability: Printer OEMs release machine-agnostic parameter baselines for IN718, easing multi-site qualification and reducing time-to-production.

2025 Snapshot: Inconel 718 Powder Specs and Market

Metric (2025e)	Typical Value/Range	Notes/Source
AM-grade 718 powder price	$70–120/kg (bulk)	Supplier quotes vary by PSD, sphericity, cleanliness
Common LPBF PSD for 718	D10 15–20 µm; D50 25–35 µm; D90 40–50 µm	ASTM F3049/ISO/ASTM 52907 context
Oxygen content (AM grade)	≤0.03–0.05 wt% typical	Lower preferred for fatigue-critical builds
Nitrogen content	≤0.03 wt% typical	Supplier CoAs
On-spec yield (15–45 µm)	55–70% from IGA lines	Process/nozzle dependent
Lead time (qualified aerospace batch)	4–10 weeks	Regional capacity affects delivery
Post-HIP density	≥99.9% relative	With optimized HIP cycles

Authoritative sources:

• ISO/ASTM 52907; ASTM F3049: https://www.iso.org, https://www.astm.org
• AMS 5662/5664/5663 (718 product specs): SAE International
• MPIF technical resources: https://www.mpif.org
• NFPA 484 (combustible metals safety): https://www.nfpa.org

Latest Research Cases

Case Study 1: Satellite Reduction and Fatigue Gain in LPBF IN718 (2025)

• Background: An aerospace Tier-1 reported spreadability issues and variability in HCF results traced to elevated satellite content in Inconel 718 Powder.
• Solution: Switched to an optimized close-coupled gas atomized powder with anti-satellite nozzle geometry and narrower PSD (15–38 µm); implemented inline laser diffraction and automated classification feedback.
• Results: Satellite area fraction reduced from 2.6% to 1.1%; as-built density +0.3%; after HIP + aging, HCF life at 650 MPa improved 18–22%; scrap rate in LPBF coupons fell by 15%.

Case Study 2: HIP Cycle Shortening for Turbine Brackets (2024/2025)

• Background: An energy OEM sought to reduce total cycle time for 718 LPBF brackets without compromising LCF at 650°C.
• Solution: Adopted a refined HIP profile (slightly lower T with optimized hold and ramp) paired with a tailored double-aging schedule; enforced powder moisture/O control with argon-purged handling.
• Results: Total post-processing time −22%; equivalent density (≥99.9%) and LCF performance maintained; machining allowances reduced by 10% due to improved dimensional stability post-HIP.

Expert Opinions

• Dr. Iain Todd, Professor of Metallurgy, University of Sheffield
• Viewpoint: “Controlling PSD tails and satellite content upstream is the fastest route to stable layer formation and a direct improvement in defect-sensitive fatigue metrics for 718.”
• Dr. Behnam Ahmadi, Director of Powder Technology, Oerlikon AM
• Viewpoint: “Closed-loop argon and batch-level morphology data are becoming standard asks—both lower cost and accelerate qualification for Inconel 718 Powder.”
• Dr. Christian Klotz, Head of Atomization R&D, ALD Vacuum Technologies
• Viewpoint: “Vacuum inert-gas atomization with precise gas-to-melt control consistently delivers the low interstitial levels and sphericity required by aerospace-grade 718.”

Practical Tools/Resources

• Standards: ISO/ASTM 52907; ASTM F3049; SAE AMS 5662/5663/5664 (mechanical property and heat treatment specs)
• Powder and process safety: NFPA 484 (combustible metals), OSHA/ATEX guidance where applicable
• OEM parameter libraries: EOS, SLM, Renishaw resources for IN718
• Metrology: Laser diffraction PSD systems (Malvern, Horiba); SEM image analysis (ImageJ/Fiji plugins) for satellite/sphericity quantification
• Qualification aids: Environmental Product Declaration (ISO 14025) templates; MSA plans for CoA verification; CT scanning services for defect mapping

Implementation tips:

• Request CoAs with chemistry (incl. O/N/H), PSD (D10/D50/D90), flow/density, and SEM-based morphology metrics; establish acceptance bands.
• For fatigue-critical parts, narrow PSD (e.g., 15–38 µm) and specify maximum satellite area fraction; validate with spreadability tests.
• Maintain closed, dry, inert powder handling; log dew point and oxygen during storage and feeding.
• Calibrate HIP and aging cycles to the specific printer/process; consider pilot coupons per lot to lock parameters before full production.

Last updated: 2025-10-13
Changelog: Added 5-item FAQ, 2025 trends with KPI table, two recent IN718 AM case studies, expert viewpoints, and practical standards/resources with implementation tips
Next review date & triggers: 2026-04-20 or earlier if AMS/ISO/ASTM standards update, OEM parameter/spec changes occur, or new data on HIP/aging optimization for IN718 is published