Proszki tytanowe: produkcja, charakterystyka,

Przegląd

Titanium powder is a versatile metallic material valued for its unique combination of high strength, low density, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. As a powder, titanium facilitates advanced manufacturing techniques like metal injection molding (MIM), additive manufacturing (AM), hot isostatic pressing (HIP), and powder metallurgy (PM) pressing and sintering to create complex titanium components.

Key applications for titanium powder include aerospace components, medical implants, automotive parts, sporting equipment, chemical processing, and consumer products. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of titanium powder, including production methods, alloy compositions, characteristics, properties, specifications, applications, and global suppliers. It aims to assist engineers, product designers, and technical program managers in selecting and using proszki tytanowe.

Production of Titanium Powder

Titanium powder is produced using the following primary methods:

Metody produkcji proszku tytanowego

• Atomizacja gazu – High pressure inert gas disintegrates molten titanium into spherical powder
• Atomizacja plazmowa – Titanium electrode arcs create ultrafine spherical powder
• Hydriding/Dehydriding – Titanium hydride powder (TiO2) is dehydrided into fine powders
• Frezowanie mechaniczne – Ball milling breaks down titanium chips into irregular particles
• Sferoidyzacja plazmy – Irregular powder melted in plasma to produce spherical shapes

Gas atomization and mechanical milling are most common, creating spherical and angular powder shapes respectively. Additional screening, conditioning, and blending create application-specific particle size distributions.

Compositions of Titanium Powder

While commercially pure proszki tytanowe are available, most powders for industrial uses contain small amounts of alloying elements:

Common Titanium Powder Compositions

Stop	Podstawowe pierwiastki stopowe	Kluczowe cechy charakterystyczne
CP Titanium	99.5%+ Ti	Doskonała odporność na korozję
Ti-6Al-4V	6% Al, 4% V	Wysoka wytrzymałość, możliwość obróbki cieplnej
Ti-6Al-7Nb	6% Al, 7% Nb	Wysoka wytrzymałość, biokompatybilność
Ti-555	5% Al, 5% Mo, 5% V	Możliwość obróbki cieplnej, możliwość obróbki mechanicznej
Ti-1023	10% V, 2% Fe, 3% Al	Wysoka wytrzymałość, dobra ciągliwość

Aluminum, vanadium, and niobium are common additions to enhance strength and workability. Trace boron, carbon, iron, and oxygen also appear.

Alloying tailors microstructure, hardness, machinability, and other properties while retaining excellent corrosion resistance.

Characteristics of Titanium Powders

Key characteristics of titanium powder include:

Charakterystyka proszku tytanowego

Charakterystyka	Typowe wartości	Znaczenie
Wielkość cząstek	10 - 150 mikronów	Sintering behavior, surface finish
Kształt cząsteczki	Spherical, angular, dendritic	Powder flow and packing density
Gęstość pozorna	1.5 – 4.0 g/cc	Pressing and handling behavior
Gęstość kranu	2,5 - 4,5 g/cc	Indicator of compressibility
Natężenie przepływu w hali	25 - 35 s/50g	Płynność proszku
Utrata przy zapłonie	0.1 – 0.5 wt%	Oxygen and moisture content
Pyrophoricity	Brak	Flammability and handling precautions

Particle size distribution and powder shape significantly impact powder flow, compaction, sintering response, and density of pressed and sintered parts. Apparent density indicates powder compressibility.

Właściwości Proszki tytanowe

Key titanium powder properties include:

Titanium Powder Properties

Nieruchomość	Pure Ti	Ti-6Al-4V	Ti-6Al-7Nb
Gęstość	4,5 g/cc	4,43 g/cm3	4,52 g/cm3
Wytrzymałość na rozciąganie	240 MPa	930 MPa	900 MPa
Wytrzymałość na rozciąganie	170 MPa	860 MPa	825 MPa
Wydłużenie	24%	10%	15%
Moduł sprężystości	102 GPa	114 GPa	105 GPa
Twardość	80 HB	334 HB	321 HB
Heat Capacity	522 J/kg·K	526 J/kg·K	527 J/kg·K
Przewodność cieplna	7,2 W/m-K	7,2 W/m-K	6,7 W/m-K

Alloying with aluminum, vanadium, and niobium enhances strength and hardness significantly. Specific properties depend heavily on final microstructure.

Zastosowania proszku tytanowego

Key applications for titanium powder include:

Titanium Powder Applications

Przemysł	Zastosowania	Key Reasons
Lotnictwo i kosmonautyka	Structural components, turbine blades, fasteners	Wysoki stosunek wytrzymałości do wagi
Medyczny	Orthopedic implants, dental implants, surgical tools	Biokompatybilność, odporność na korozję
Motoryzacja	Korbowody, zawory, sprężyny, elementy złączne	Light weighting, performance
Chemiczny	Tanks, pipes, valves, pumps	Odporność na korozję
Artykuły sportowe	Golf clubs, bicycles, helmets	Strength, tailored mechanical properties
Petrochemia	Narzędzia wiertnicze, części głowicy odwiertu	Wytrzymałość, odporność na korozję

Titanium’s unique properties make it attractive for reducing weight in aerospace components while maintaining mechanical integrity in extreme environments.

Excellent biocompatibility and corrosion resistance drive usage in orthopedic and dental implants. The ability to tailor titanium’s properties facilitates sporting goods with specialized performance characteristics.

Specifications for Titanium Powders

Titanium powder compositions and quality are defined by various standard specifications:

Titanium Powder Standards

Standard	Zakres	Wielkość cząstek	Czystość	Chemia
ASTM B348	Grade 1-4 unalloyed Ti powder	-635 mesh	99.5%, 99.9%, 99.95% Ti	O, C, N, H limits
ASTM B801	Ti-6Al-4V alloy powder	-635 mesh	Ti, Al, V composition ranges	Interstitial limits
ISO 23301	Additive manufacturing Ti powder	10-45 mikronów	99.5%+ Ti	O, N, C, H, Fe limits
AMS 4992	Aerospace grade Ti-6Al-4V powder	-150 mesh	Ti, Al, V composition ranges	Interstitial limits

These define acceptable levels of alloying additions, impurities like oxygen/nitrogen/carbon, particle size distributions, and other test methods relevant for different applications.

Globalni dostawcy Proszki tytanowe

Many major corporations produce titanium powders along with smaller regional manufacturers:

Producenci proszków tytanowych

Dostawca	Metody produkcji	Materiały	Możliwości
ATI Metals	Atomizacja gazu	Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-1023, pure Ti	Wide alloy range, large volumes
Praxair	Atomizacja gazu	Ti-6Al-4V, CP Ti	Small lots, rapid delivery
Carpenter Additive	Gas atomization, hydride-dehydride	Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-7Nb, pure Ti	Custom alloys, small lots
AP&C	Atomizacja plazmowa	CP Ti, stopy Ti	Ultrafine 10-45 micron powder
Tekna	Sferoidyzacja plazmy	Ti-6Al-4V, CP Ti	Convert chips into spherical powder
Baoji Hanz Titanium	Hydriding	CP Ti, Ti-6Al-4V	Low costChinese producer

Many supply both standard and custom alloy compositions. Some provide toll processing of scrap and chips into powder.

Selecting Titanium Powder

Key considerations for selecting titanium powder include:

• Skład stopu – Balances desired properties like strength, ductility, hardness
• Poziom czystości – Affects mechanical properties and microstructure
• Rozmiar i kształt cząstek – Influences powder flow, density, surface finish
• Gęstość pozorna i kranowa – Indicates compressibility and sintering response
• Kompatybilność chemiczna – For service conditions like acids or salt water
• Procedury pobierania próbek – Representative testing of powder lots
• Certyfikaty jakości – ISO 9001, AS9100, etc.
• Wiedza techniczna from powder producer

Samples builds and prototypes help qualify new alloys and powders for a given application. Work closely with reputable suppliers to obtain well-characterized titanium powder for optimal results.

FAQ

What is the benefit of plasma atomized titanium powder?

Plasma atomization produces very spherical, flowing particles typically 10-45 microns in size. This allows excellent sintered density and surface finish.

What causes titanium powder to be pyrophoric?

Pyrophoric titanium powders ignite spontaneously in air. This is caused by extremely small particle sizes below 10 microns which greatly increase surface area and reactivity. Use inert gas handling for pyrophoric powders.

How does particle shape influence titanium powder properties?

Spherical powder flows well and provides higher and more uniform density and mechanical properties. Irregular powder offers better green strength and compressibility but less predictable shrinkage.

What post-processing can improve titanium powder reuse?

Screening, milling, and thermal treatments allow reuse of off-spec powders. Plasma spheroidization converts chips and coarser particles into spherical powder feedstock.

What standards apply to additive manufacturing of titanium parts?

ASTM F3001-14 covers characterization and quality control of Ti alloy powder for AM. ASTM F2924-14 gives standard test methods for evaluating mechanical properties of AM titanium.

Can you 3D print a titanium and steel composite structure?

Yes, some metal 3D printing processes transition between titanium and stainless steel alloys within one part by precise material switching to build bimetallic components.

Wnioski

Titanium powder provides engineers great flexibility to build high performance components thanks to the metal’s unique properties. Careful selection of powder characteristics and close collaboration with experienced suppliers enables optimal results across many critical applications. Ongoing advances continue to expand the capabilities, quality, and cost-effectiveness of titanium powder metallurgy processes.

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