Cobalt Chrome CoCrMo Powder
Cobalt Chrome CoCrMo Powder, specifically CoCrMo, is a cobalt-based alloy powder used in various metal powder applications such as metal injection molding (MIM) and additive manufacturing (AM).
Some key details about cobalt chrome CoCrMo alloy powder:
- Composition – Made up primarily of cobalt along with chromium, molybdenum, and small amounts of other elements like tungsten, nickel, iron, silicon, manganese, and carbon
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Table of Contents
Overview
Cobalt Chrome CoCrMo Powder, specifically CoCrMo, is a cobalt-based alloy powder used in various metal powder applications such as metal injection molding (MIM) and additive manufacturing (AM).
Some key details about cobalt chrome CoCrMo alloy powder:
- Composition – Made up primarily of cobalt along with chromium, molybdenum, and small amounts of other elements like tungsten, nickel, iron, silicon, manganese, and carbon
- Properties – Excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and biocompatibility
- Manufacturing Process – Usually produced by gas atomization process
- Particle Sizes – Ranging from 10 microns to 45 microns typically
- Applications – Medical implants, dental implants, aerospace and automotive components
Cobalt Chrome CoCrMo Powder Types
| Type | Composition | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| CoCrMo Alloy | Co – Balance/RemainderCr – 27-30%Mo – 5-7%Si, Mn, C, Fe – <1% | Excellent strength, hardness, corrosion resistanceSuitable for metal injection moldingGood wear resistance |
| Low-Carbon CoCrMo | Co – Balance/RemainderCr – 27-30%Mo – 5-7%Si, Mn, C – <0.05% Fe – <0.75% | Low carbon for better ductilityImproved fusion defects reductionLess susceptibility to crackingBetter suited for AM/3D printing |
Cobalt Chrome CoCrMo Powder Properties
Cobalt chrome alloy powder stands out due to its well-balanced combination of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility making suitable for demanding applications.
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Strength | Ultimte Tensile Strength: 120 to 230 ksiYield Strength: 110 to 150 ksi |
| Hardness | Rockwell Hardness: 25 to 35 HRCVickers Hardness: 350 to 450 HV |
| Density | 8.3 g/cc |
| Melting Point | 1260 to 1350°C (2300 to 2460°F) |
| Thermal Conductivity | 9 to 12 W/m-K |
| Electrical Resistivity | 94 to 108 μΩ-cm |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion | 14 to 16 μm/m-°C |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 230 to 253 GPa |
| Elongation | 8 to 35% |
Cobalt Chrome CoCrMo Powder Applications
Thanks to its versatility, cobalt chrome alloy powder is used across several major industries from medical and dental to aerospace and automotive.
| Industry | Application | Components |
|---|---|---|
| Medical/Dental | Implants, prosthetics | Hip implants, knee implants, bone plates, screws |
| Aerospace | Turbine blades, landing gear | Blades, shafts, discs, gears |
| Automotive | Valves, pumps, tooling | Engine valves, valve seats, ring gears |
| Industrial | Wear and corrosion parts | Seals, valves, pump components |
Cobalt Chrome CoCrMo Powder Specifications
Cobalt chrome alloy powders adhere to several international and regional standards when it comes to composition limits as well as particle size distribution and properties. Common grades used are ASTM F75, F799, and F1537 specification powders.
| Standard/Specification | Region | Allowed Elements | Particle Size | Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASTM F75 | USA | Co, Cr, Mo, Si, Mn, C, Fe, Ni | 10 to 45 microns | Controlled O, N limitsCobalt ≥58% Cr 27 to 30%Hardness 35 HRC (min)UTS 120 ksi (min)Yield Strength 80 ksi (min)Elongation 15% (min) |
| ASTM F799 | USA | Co, Cr, Mo, Si, Mn, C, Fe | 15 to 45 microns | Lower C contentImproved AM propertiesCobalt ≥58% Cr 19 to 21% |
| ASTM F1537 | USA | Co, Cr, Mo, Si, Mn, C | 10 to 45 microns | Used for MIM applicationsModified F75 composition |
Cobalt Chrome CoCrMo Powder Manufacturers & Suppliers
There are several leading global suppliers that manufacture cobalt chrome powders for MIM and AM needs across the major industries. They offer various grades adhering to regional standards.
| Supplier | Grades | Allowed Elements | Particle Size | Additional Info |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sandvik Osprey | ASTM F75ASTM F799 | Co, Cr, Mo, Si, Mn, C, Fe, NiW, N | 15 to 45 microns | Spherical gas atomized powdersCustom alloysLow O, N content |
| Praxair | F75F1537F799 | Co, Cr, Mo, Si, Mn, C, Fe, Ni | 15 to 45 microns | Select grade for AM vs MIMHigh purity |
| Carpenter Additive | F75F799 | Co, Cr, Mo, Si, Mn, C, Fe, Ni | 15 to 45 microns | Low O, NHigh tapped densitySpherical morphology |
| Erasteel | F799F75Custom | Co, Cr, Mo, Si, Mn, C, Fe, Ni | 10 to 45 microns | Tailor oxygen/nitrogenHigh purity atomization |
Cobalt Chrome CoCrMo Powder Pricing
| Supplier | Grade | Particle Size | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sandvik Osprey | ASTM F75 | 15-45 microns | $75/kg |
| Praxair | ASTM F799 | 25-45 microns | $60/kg |
| Carpenter Additive | Custom F75 | 25-45 microns | $90/kg |
| Erasteel | ASTM F1537 | 15-45 microns | $70/kg |
Prices vary based on factors like supplier, grade and specification adherence, particle size range, purchase quantity/volume, and geographical region.
Advantages of Cobalt Chrome CoCrMo Powder
- High strength with UTS over 200 ksi
- Retains strength and ductility at high temperatures
- Excellent wear and abrasion resistance
- Superior corrosion resistance especially in chloride environments
- Low magnetic permeability
- Outstanding biocompatibility and bio-inertness
- Tailorable mechanical properties
Limitations of Cobalt Chrome CoCrMo Powder
- Relatively expensive compared to steel powders
- Lower thermal conductivity than other alloys
- Requires heat treatment to optimize properties
- Susceptible to fabrication defects if improperly processed
- Difficult to completely avoid internal oxidation and nitrides
- Releases metal ions which impact biocompatibility
Cobalt Chrome vs. Stainless Steel Powders
| Parameter | Cobalt Chrome | Stainless Steel |
|---|---|---|
| Strength | Higher | Lower |
| Hardness | Higher | Lower to Medium |
| Corrosion Resistance | Significantly better | Moderate |
| Biocompatibility | Excellent due to pure alloy | Varies depending on composition |
| Cost | More expensive | Less expensive |
| Processability | More difficult due to rapid cooling rates needed | Easier to process |
| Applications | More critical, load-bearing implants | Less critical temporary implants |
Cobalt Chrome vs. Titanium Powders
| Parameter | Cobalt Chrome | Titanium |
|---|---|---|
| Density | Heavier | Lighter |
| Strength | Similar or slightly higher | Slightly lower |
| Hardness | Higher | Lower to Medium |
| Biocompatibility | Similar, no confirmed long-term issues | Excellent due to stable oxide layer |
| Corrosion Resistance | Significantly better, more stable oxide layer | Moderate, susceptible to some environments |
| Cost | More expensive | Less expensive (cp titanium) |
| Fabrication Difficulty | Higher, needs controlled rapid cooling | Lower, more room for process variability |
| Applications | Permanent implants for joint replacement | Both permanent and temporary implants |
Cobalt Chrome CoCrMo Powder for Metal Injection Molding
Metal injection molding utilizes fine cobalt chrome powder together with a blend of thermoplastic binders. The homogeneous feedstock is then molded into complex net-shape parts by taking advantage of precise shape-making capabilities of polymer injection molding.
CoCrMo Alloy Compositions for MIM
- Typical Cobalt – Balance/Remainder
- Chrominum – 28 to 30 wt%
- Molybdenum – 5 to 7 wt%
- Carbon – Kept low, < 0.05wt%
- Iron, Manganese – Small amounts
- Nickel, Nitrogen – Minimized
Benefits of MIM with CoCrMo Powder
- Delivers complex, net-shape parts not possible with other methods
- Near full density and homogeneous microstructure
- Properties equal to or better than cast or wrought alloys
- Minimizes expensive secondary machining
- Allows small, delicate features and thin walls
- Consistent dimensional tolerance and surface finish
- Cost-effective for medium volumes
MIM Process Steps with CoCrMo Powder
The specialized MIM process involves multiple key steps to transform the feedstock into dense end-use components with tailored properties.
| Step | Details |
|---|---|
| Mixing | CoCrMo powder blended with binders to produce feedstock |
| Injection Molding | Feedstock molded into complex near net-shape parts with precision |
| Debinding | Solvent and thermal cycle removes polymer binders |
| Sintering | Controlled furnace process to densify CoCrMo powder at high temperature |
| Post Processing | Secondary heat treatments or hot isostatic pressing often applied |
| Finishing | Additional machining, grinding, or polishing if needed |
MIM Cobalt Chrome Material Properties
MIM enables CoCrMo alloys with a range of attainable mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Properties can be further enhanced by post-sinter heat treatments.
| Property | As-Sintered Condition | Heat Treated Condition | Wrought CoCrMo Alloys |
|---|---|---|---|
| Density | 8.20-8.30 g/cc | 8.25-8.35 g/cc | 8.3 g/cc |
| Hardness | 25-35 HRC | 38-55 HRC | 35-55 HRC |
| Ultimate Tensile Strength | 75-100 ksi | 120-220 ksi | 120-300 ksi |
| Yield Strength | 50-85 ksi | 110-200 ksi | 110-250 ksi |
| Elongation | 8-25% | 3-30% | 8-35% |
MIM CoCrMo Applications
MIM enables lightweight, high strength CoCrMo components with thin walls, undercuts, hidden channels for critical applications in orthopedic and aerospace industries.
| Industry | Application | Components |
|---|---|---|
| Medical | Joint replacement implants | Hip stems, knee tibial trays, spinal cages |
| Aerospace | Thrust nozzles, landing gear | Stators, brackets, actuators |
| Automotive | Fuel system | Injector bodies, pumps |
| Oil & Gas | Drilling | Swivel housings, valves plates, seals |
Cobalt Chrome CoCrMo Powder for Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing utilizing cobalt chrome CoCrMo powder is revolutionizing production of metal implants with its ability to create porous structures to allow bone in-growth.
Benefits of Additive Manufacturing with CoCrMo
- Customized, patient-matched orthopedic implants
- Controlled porous structures for osseointegration
- Reduced waste compared to traditional subtractive techniques
- Streamlined supply chain with reduced inventories
- Design freedom for complex, organic shapes not possible with casting
- Elimination of expensive custom tooling
- Dense, high-strength components rivaling wrought properties
Most Common AM Process for CoCrMo
While multiple metal AM technologies like binder jetting, DED exist, Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is the most widely adopted process for cobalt chrome orthopedic implants.
Laser Powder Bed Fusion AM Process Overview
| Step | Details |
|---|---|
| 3D Model | Implant design created in CAD software based on patient scan |
| Slicing | Model digitally sliced into layers as build instructions for system |
| Powder Deposition | CoCrMo powder spread evenly on build plate |
| Laser Melting | Focused laser selectively melts powder based on each slice |
| Recoating | Fresh layer of CoCrMo powder spread on top |
| Repeat Steps | Steps repeat layer-by-layer until full part built |
| Post Processing | Excess powder removed and heat treatments applied |
Typical CoCrMo Compositions for AM
- Cobalt – Balance/Remainder
- Chromium – 26 to 30 wt%
- Molybedenum – 5 to 7 wt%
- Carbon, Nitrogen – Minimized
- Silicon, Manganese – <1 wt%
- Tungsten, Iron – <0.75 wt%
Parameter Optimization for CoCrMo AM
Achieving full density and properties close to traditional manufacturing requires optimizing AM parameters specifically for cobalt chrome powder.
| Parameter | Typical Range | Role | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Laser power | 100-500 W | Melts each layer | Influences build rate, porosity, cracking |
| Scan speed | 100-1000 mm/s | Controls energy input | Impacts melt pool depth, heating/cooling rates |
| Hatch spacing | 50-200 μm | Determines overlap of scanned area | Governs volume fraction melted and bonded |
| Layer thickness | 20-100 μm | Sets Z-resolution | Thinner layers reduce stair-stepping effect |
Post-Processing of AM CoCrMo Components
Additional steps help to relieve internal stresses from the AM process while improving fatigue performance.
- Stress relief heat treatments
- Hot isostatic pressing (HIP)
- Surface finishing – grinding, polishing
- Net-shape machining if needed
Mechanical Properties – AM vs. Cast CoCrMo
| Property | As-Fabricated AM | HIP AM | Cast |
|---|---|---|---|
| Density | 8.15-8.25 g/cc | 8.20-8.30 g/cc | 8.25-8.35 g/cc |
| Hardness | 35-50 HRC | 35-45 HRC | 35-45 HRC |
| Ultimate Tensile Strength | 120-205 ksi | 130-220 ksi | 120-150 ksi |
| Yield Strength | 110-185 ksi | 115-200 ksi | 80-130 ksi |
| Elongation | 8-35% | 15-40% | 15-50% |
The bottom line is carefully optimized AM parameters combined with HIP can rival mechanical performance of traditionally manufactured cobalt chrome components.
FAQ
Q: Is cobalt chrome powder suitable for nitinol applications as a high-temperature shape memory alloy?
A: No, nitinol is a distinct nickel-titanium alloy system exhibiting special shape memory and superelastic characteristics. CoCr alloys are not considered shape memory alloys.
Q: What particle size range of CoCrMo powder is recommended for binder jetting additive manufacturing?
A: A particle size range of 15 to 45 microns is typically recommended for binder jetting AM with CoCrMo to balance packing density and sintering kinetics. Finer powders <25 microns can clump increasing porosity.
Q: Does corrosion resistance differ significantly between as-printed vs. wrought and forged CoCrMo alloy?
A: Properly processed AM CoCrMo approaches corrosion resistance of wrought alloys. Key is minimizing internal pores and micro-cracks with optimized processing to achieve comparable protection from surface oxide layer.
Q: What is the difference between hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and vacuum sintering of 3D printed CoCr components?
A: HIP applies high heat and isostatic pressure from all directions, eliminating internal voids more effectively than vacuum sintering. This maximizes density and fatigue performance critical for load-bearing implants.
Q: How does the strength of MIM cobalt chrome alloy compare to titanium or stainless steel alloys?
A: MIM CoCrMo generally matches or exceeds strength levels attained with mimicurable titanium and stainless steel alloys like Ti6Al4V and 316L SS owing to higher hardness and carbide formation.
Q: Can CoCrMo powder be reused after powder bed fusion additive manufacturing?
A: Reusing AM powder is possible but fresh virgin powder is recommended when possible to minimize accumulation of satellite particles leading changing chemistry and poorer packing during recoat.
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